Ikusasa lokuqina kwezinhlekelele kanye nesidingo senkomba yomhlaba wonke yokuba sengozini

Ucwaningo lwethu luveze iqiniso elimangalisayo lokuthi iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene okwamanje ayinayo inkomba yomhlaba wonke yokuba sengozini. Nakuba kuxoxwa ngokuba sengozini ezinkundleni ezahlukene ze-UN, kunokukhathazeka ngokuthi uma i-UN ingenzi imizamo yokuhlanganisa kanye nokuxhumanisa lezi zingxoxo, ingase idale ukudideka okungeke kubhekane ngokwanele nezidingo zabantu abasengozini kakhulu.

Kule bhulogi sixoxa ngezinqubomgomo zamanje ezikhona, nezincomo zokuthuthukiswa ukuze kutholakale amaqembu asengozini kakhulu ezingeni lomhlaba wonke nelesifunda, okungase kube kwazise izinga lendawo. Okwamanje kunezinkomba zobungozi ezigqamisa izici ezithile zokuba sengozini, kodwa inkomba ebanzi inganika amandla ukuqonda okukhulu emazweni asathuthuka kanye namaqembu adingekayo.

Yiziphi izinkomba zobungozi ezisetshenziswayo njengamanje?

Ngo-December 2020 I-UN General Assembly ibize uNobhala Jikelele ukwenza izincomo zokuthuthukiswa, ukuxhumanisa, kanye nokusetshenziswa okungaba khona kwezinkomba zobungozi ze-multidimensional for Small Island Developing States.

Ekuqaleni kwanqunywa ngo-2000 futhi kamuva kwabuyekezwa ngo-2005, i Inkomba ye-Economic and Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) ingenye yezinkomba zokuqala zokuba sengozini ezisetshenziswa ezingeni lesifunda nelomhlaba jikelele. Kusukela ngo-2005, i-EVI isebenze njengenye yemibandela emithathu iKomidi leNqubomgomo Yokuthuthukiswa kweNhlangano Yezizwe (UNCP) ezisebenzisayo ukuhlonza nokuthweswa iziqu emazweni ezigabeni ezithuthuke kancane. Njengamanje iqukethe izigaba ezimbili zokuba sengozini - ezomnotho nezemvelo - kanye nezinkomba eziyisishiyagalombili ezithuthukiswe ngendlela okuvunyelwene ngayo ebuyekezwa njalo eminyakeni emithathu. Enye yamandla ayo amakhulu ukuthi idatha yayo ihlanganisa amazwe angu-143 ahlehlela emuva onyakeni ka-2000.

Nakuba imodeli yezomnotho yokubhekana nokuba sengozini ibalulekile, ayibambi ngokugcwele ububanzi bokuba sengozini ngokudingidwa kwegeography, ezezimali noma izimo zemvelo. Yiziphi izinto okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kwakhiwa inkomba yomhlaba wonke yokuba sengozini? Okokuqala, sibheka idatha.

Iyini imithombo yethu yedatha yamanje?

NgoFebhuwari 2021 uJacob Assa kanye no-Riad Meddeb we-UNDP basungula uhlelo umbiko omuhle kakhulu lapho bephakamise inkomba eyandisiwe ye-multi-dimensional vulnerability index (MVI) lokho kwakhela phezu kwe-EVI. I-UNDP MVI ihlanganisa izinkomba eziyishumi nanye ezivela ku-EVI, kuhlanganise nezinye ezivela eBhange Lomhlaba. Izinkomba zimele izinhlangothi ezine zokuba sengozini: ezomnotho, ezezimali, ezemvelo kanye nezindawo.

Nakuba le MVI ngaphambilini ibigxile Eziqhingini Ezincane Ezisathuthuka, izinkomba zayo zingase zisebenze emhlabeni wonke futhi zihlanganisa idatha ehlanganisa amazwe angu-126. I-UNDP MVI ibandakanya izinkomba zezomnotho ezintathu ezivela ku-EVI; ukuthekelisa kanye nokugxilwa kwempahla ethengiswayo, ukungazinzi kokukhiqizwa kwezolimo, nokuntengantenga kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Yengeza izinkomba zezezimali ezintathu ezivela eBhange Lomhlaba eziphathelene nezokuvakasha zamazwe ngamazwe, izimali eziphumayo zomuntu siqu, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile kwamanye amazwe. Izinkomba ezintathu zejografi zifaka phakathi ukuba kude kanye nokuvaleleka komhlaba, kanye nezabelo zabantu kuzo zombili izindawo ezomile kanye nezindawo ezisogwini eziphakeme.

I-UNICEF isiqalile ukubheka ukulinganisa ubungozi bezingane. Ngo-2021, i-UNICEF yathuthukisa i- Inkomba Yengozi Yesimo Sezulu Yezingane, noma i-CCRI, izinkomba zayo ezihlukaniswe zibe izinsika ezimbili. Insika 1 ukuchayeka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokushaqeka kwemvelo kanye nokucindezeleka, okuhlanganisa izinkomba eziningana. Insika 2 Iwukuba Sengozini Kwengane, okuhlanganisa isethi yezinkomba zobumpofu, izimpahla zokuxhumana, nokuvikelwa komphakathi; amanzi, ukukhucululwa kwendle, nenhlanzeko; imfundo, kanye nempilo yezingane kanye nokudla.

Ngokuvamile, izinkomba zidinga ukwenziwa ngendlela oyifisayo ukuze izifunda ezihlukahlukene zithwebule ubukhulu bendawo futhi zibonise izidingo zabantu basendaweni abasengozini. I-ISC inikela ngocezu lwale ndida ekutholeni isisombululo ngokubandakanya izifundiswa nabasebenzi ukuthi babheke indlela eya phambili engaphelelisa inqubo ye-UN. Umgomo uwukubona indlela yokuthuthukisa izinkomba eziningi zokuba sengozini ngenqubo yesifunda eyazisa isenzo sasendaweni samaqembu asengozini.

Siyisebenzisa kanjani inkomba ye-multi-dimensional vulnerability index (MVI)?

Nika kabusha amandla i-DR3, iphrojekthi exhaswe ngezimali yeForamu yaseBelmont, iye yahlakulela isenzo sokubambisana socwaningo mayelana nokunciphisa izinhlekelele kanye nokuqina. Ucwaningo lwabo lugxile ekulawulweni kokunciphisa izinhlekelele kanye nokuqina ngokugcizelela izikhukhula, isomiso namagagasi okushisa emadolobheni asogwini naseziqhingini. Lokhu kubambisana kuhlanganisa izizwe eziyisikhombisa emazwenikazi aseYurophu, e-Afrika, e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika, nabacwaningi abavela emikhakheni eminingi emhlabeni wonke, eholwa yi-University College London.

Ithimba lase-United States le-Re-Energize DR3 belifunda ngokuphathwa kwezinhlekelele e-US ezingeni likahulumeni, lesifunda kanye nelendawo, lisebenzisa isimo saseNyakatho Carolina njengesibonelo ocwaningweni lwalo kanye nemihlangano yokucobelelana ngolwazi yokubamba iqhaza.

Kube nomsebenzi othokozisayo ku-MVI ovela eHhovisi le-UN Lokumela Amazwe Athuthuke Kancane, Amazwe Asathuthuka Avalelwe Izwe kanye Namazwe Asathuthuka Iziqhingi Ezincane (UN-OHRLLS). Yabo Umbiko we-2021 kufaka phakathi ukubuyekezwa okunwetshiwe kwe-MVI ekhona kanye nezincomo zenqubo yokwakhiwa kwe-MVI. Iphinde ixhumanise ukuba sengozini kanye nokuqina ndawonye kusetshenziswa ubukhulu bokuba sengozini kwesakhiwo, nokusimama kwesakhiwo nenqubomgomo, okuthembisayo ikakhulukazi.

Lolu hlelo lokusebenza lwezinkomba zokuba sengozini kwezinhlangothi eziningi ludinga ukuhlanganisa kangcono amaqembu asengozini. Kuze kube manje, izinkomba zobungozi zisebenza kuphela ezingeni likazwelonke nelesifunda. Sibone izibonelo zezinkomba zezomnotho, zezezimali, zezwe, nezemvelo. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinkomba zobungozi ezibanzi, kudingeka kube nohlu olubanzi lokubandakanyeka kwamaqembu abonakala ngokusobala asengozini.

Ithini inhloso yebhentshimakhi ye-MVI njengoba inconywe yi-DR3?

Kwethenjwa ukuthi izinkomba zobungozi besifunda zizophothulwa ngesikhathi sokubuyekezwa kowezi-2027 kwe-Ajenda ka-2030 Yentuthuko Esimeme, okuhlanganisa Izinjongo Zokuthuthukiswa Okusimeme, kanye nokubuyekezwa Kwezinkomba Zokuthuthukiswa Okusimeme ngo-2028, okuzovunyelwana ngazo Ikhomishini Yezibalo Ye-UN.

NgoMeyi 2022, uKristen Downs wethula isethulo njengommeleli weNyuvesi yaseNorth Carolina Water Institute, iphrojekthi ye-Re-Energize DR3, kanye ne-Scientific and Technology Major Group, ebizwe yi-International Science Council (ISC). Wethule ku-Ignite Stage njengengxenye yeSeshini yesi-7 ye-UNDRR Global Platform Yokunciphisa Izinhlekelele e-Bali, e-Indonesia.

Inkulumo yakhe yayinesihloko esithi, “Kufanele sibhekane kanjani sengozini yezinhlekelele emazingeni omhlaba nawesifunda?”

Ungabona ividiyo yesethulo sikaKristen kulesi sixhumanisi, kanye nezinye izethulo ze-Ignite Stage lapha.

Kunezingxenye ezimbili zale ngxoxo: eyokuqala ikhuluma ngokuba sengozini kwamazwe kanti eyesibili ikhuluma ngokuba sengozini kwamaqembu. Inqubomgomo iqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi kokubili kubhekwana nayo ngendlela efanele nangendlela edidiyelwe futhi uma kunjalo, lokhu kungafezwa kanjani? Ukuze siphendule le mibuzo, kuzodingeka ukuthi 1) sisebenzisane futhi sikhulume ngezinqubo ezikhona ze-UN; 2) ukwenza ucwaningo olwengeziwe olugxilisa imiphakathi esengozini kanye nezindlela zokubandakanya ababambiqhaza ngokulinganayo; kanye 3) nokuhlola ukwenziwa kwenqubomgomo kwamanje ngaphansi kwelensi yokuba sengozini ye-multidimensional.

UKristen Downs, Emily Gvino futhi URene Marker-Katz bayingxenye yesibonelelo esixhaswe yiBelmont Forum, Phinda Unike Amandla Ukubusa Kokuncishiswa Kwezinhlekelele kanye Nokuqina Kwentuthuko Esimeme, noma Nika kabusha amandla i-DR3.  

UKristen Downs

UKristen Downs ungumfundi ophothule izifundo ze-PhD ku-Environmental Sciences and Engineering futhi uhlanganyele ucwaningo e-Water Institute e-University of North Carolina e-Chapel Hill (UNC). Isizinda sakhe singokwesayensi yezemvelo nobunjiniyela, okusekelwe kwezempilo yomphakathi kanye nentuthuko yamazwe ngamazwe. Izithakazelo zakhe eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwengqalasizinda kanye nezinqubomgomo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kungasetshenziswa kanjani ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezisimeme lapho ebhekene nokungaqiniseki okufana nokuguquguquka kwemvelo nesimo sezulu, intuthuko, nokwanda kwabantu. Ucwaningo lukaKristen lugxile ekuboniseni ubungozi, ukungaqiniseki, nemithelela ehambisana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ezifweni ezitholakala emanzini, njengoba kulamula izinga lesevisi yengqalasizinda yamanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle kanye nokusebenzisana kwayo nokuhlukahluka kwesimo sezulu kanye nezenzakalo ezimbi kakhulu.

Emily Gvino

Emily Gvino, I-MCRP, i-MPH iyiNhlangano ne-Clarion Associates, ifemu yokubonisana ngokusetshenziswa komhlaba ezinze e-Chapel Hill, eNorth Carolina. U-Emily usebenza namakhasimende omkhakha womphakathi e-US ezingeni lendawo nelesifunda, esiza imiphakathi ukuthi ithole izixazululo ezintsha futhi ihlelele ikusasa eliqinile nelizinzile. Umsebenzi ka-Emily ugxile ezimpambanweni zobulungisa besimo sezulu, ukumelana nezinhlekelele, ezempilo, nokuhlelwa kwemvelo. U-Emily futhi usekela ithimba le-Re-Energize DR3 njengoMxhumanisi Wamasu, ohlanganyela ocwaningweni lokuhlola, amaphrojekthi okubhala, nezethulo.

URene Marker-Katz

URene Marker-Katz ungumfundi oneziqu eNyuvesi yaseNorth Carolina e-Chapel Hill (UNC-CH) owenza iziqu ze-Master ku-City and Regional Planning (MCRP) ngobuchwepheshe bokusetshenziswa komhlaba nokuhlela imvelo. Iziqu zakhe zizohambisana nesitifiketi se-Natural Hazards Resilience. Njengamanje usebenza njengoMxhumanisi Wocwaningo nethimba le-UNC Water Institute Re-Energize DR3 ukuze aqinise ubudlelwano phakathi kokuphatha nezinhlangano ezizimele/ zomphakathi ukuze asekele kangcono amaqembu omphakathi asengozini ngezinhlekelele ezihlobene nesimo sezulu. Izintshisekelo ezikhethekile zika-Rene zisekuzivumelaniseni nezingozi, izinqubo zokusimama kwedolobha, kanye nokulingana ngaphakathi kwenqubomgomo yomphakathi.

Ungase ube nesithakazelo

Inothi Elifingqiwe Ngengozi Yesistimu

Amathuba ocwaningo, inqubomgomo kanye nokwenza ngokombono wesimo sezulu, isayensi yezemvelo kanye nezinhlekelele nokuphathwa.

Isithombe ngu-Martin Howard / UNISDR Visualizing DRR Group nge Flickr.