Lesi siqeshana siyingxenye yochungechunge lwebhulogi lapho amalungu e-ISC's IKomidi Lenkululeko Nokuzibophezela Kwesayensi (i-CFRS) yabelana ngokucabanga kwayo mayelana ne Thembela kuSayensi ye-Nexus Yenqubomgomo umbiko, okhishwe ngemva komhlangano wokucobelelana ngolwazi obuhlelwe ngokubambisana yi-International Science Council (ISC) kanye ne-Joint Research Centre ye-European Commission, ngokubambisana noxhaso lwe-US National Science Foundation.
Umhlangano wokucobelelana ngolwazi uhlanganise ochwepheshe ukuze bahlole ukuguquguquka okuyinkimbinkimbi kokwethenjwa kwesayensi ekwenziweni kwenqubomgomo futhi kucutshungulwe umbuzo obalulekile: ngokwezinga elingakanani ukwethemba isayensi ngenqubomgomo kungahlukaniswa emibuzweni ebanzi yokwethenjwa ezikhungweni zentando yeningi?
Mayelana umbhali: Hakan S. Orer unguProfesa we-Pharmacology eKoç University School of Medicine e-Istanbul. UnguMongameli weSayensi Academy, uTürkiye; ilungu le-UNESCO IBC kanye nelungu leKomidi le-ISC leNkululeko kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo kwezesayensi.
Umhlangano we-ISC-JRC mayelana Thembela kwiSayensi nge-Nexus Yenqubomgomo wagcizelela ukuthi udaba lokuncipha kokwethembana kwesayensi alunakuchazwa njengomkhuba ofanayo womhlaba wonke, futhi alunakuhlukaniswa nokuwohloka okukhulu kokwethembana ezikhungweni zentando yeningi. Umhlaba uyashintsha; ukwehluleka kokubambisana kwamazwe amaningi, kuhlanganiswe nokuqina kwemibango yezepolitiki kanye nokusakazwa okusheshayo kolwazi olungamanga ngemidiya yezenhlalo, kuye kwaphazamisa izisekelo zendabuko zegunya kanye nobuchwepheshe. Isayensi, echazwa ngokuthi 'imicabango yabantu eqondisiwe', ithatha isikhundla esiphikisanayo: ngesikhathi esifanayo ingumthombo wethemba nentuthuko, kodwa futhi iyinto evame ukusolwa futhi ukwenziwa kwezinsimbi zomculo.
Ukuthembela kwisayensi akuyona inkinga engaqondakali yokwethembeka kwezobuchwepheshe kodwa ukufuna izimo zokuziphatha, zezikhungo kanye nezomphakathi lapho ulwazi lukhiqizwa, lusakazwa futhi lusetshenziswa khona ekwenzeni izinqubomgomo. Ukwakha kabusha lokhu kuthembana kudinga ukuphinda kuqinisekiswe izindinganiso ezinikeza isayensi ubuqiniso: inkululeko yengqondo, ubuqotho, ubulungisa, ukuziphendulela kanye nokuhlonipha ubunye.
Ukuhlola imibono emisha kanye nezindlela ezikhona eziyinselele kuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhizinisi lesayensi liyalungisa, elikweleta, ngezinga elikhulu, inkululeko yokucabanga. Inkululeko yesayensi iyimfuneko. Kodwa-ke, njengoba i-UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (UDBHR, 2005) igcizelela, inkululeko kwisayensi kumele ihambisane nomthwalo wemfanelo kubantu ngabanye, emiphakathini kanye nasebantwini bonke. Inkululeko ehlukanisiwe nomthwalo wemfanelo ibeka engcupheni yokudala ukuhlukana kwe-epistemic - uhlobo lokungazethembi lapho isayensi ikhonza khona imigomo engabonakali noma izintshisekelo ezincane kunokuba ibe yinzuzo yomphakathi.
Ukufaneleka kwesayensi emiphakathini yentando yeningi kuncike ekunamatheleni kwayo ezimisweni zokusobala, ukuziphendulela kanye nokungakhethi. Ukufuna iqiniso kugxile kwisayensi. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukungaqiniseki okungokwemvelo kule nqubo, okuletha imikhawulo esobala (namaphutha). Imibono eyahlukene yamasiko kanye neyokuziphatha nayo idinga ukucatshangelwa. Lokhu kucatshangelwa, kanye nokusobala kanye nokuvuleleka, akuzona ubuthakathaka kodwa kunalokho kuyizinkomba zokuvuthwa kwengqondo. Isayensi iba sengozini yokubona abantu abaphezulu kanye nokuxhashazwa lapho lokhu kuthathelwa indawo ukuzivikela noma ukuhlukaniswa, okushesha ukuqeda ukwethembeka futhi kuqiniswe izindaba ezibonisa isayensi njengekude namaqiniso aphilayo ezakhamuzi.
Umbiko we-workshop ye-ISC-JRC uphinde ubhale ukuthi ulwazi olungelona iqiniso luyachuma ezindaweni lapho isayensi ibhekwa njengeye-elitist noma engacacile. Ngakho-ke, ukuqinisa ukwethenjwa komphakathi akubandakanyi nje ukulungisa amanga kodwa futhi nokuthuthukisa ukwethembeka—okwenza izinqubo zocwaningo nezeluleko zibe yingxenye ebanzi, ebandakanya wonke umuntu futhi esekelwe ngokokuziphatha.
Muva nje, i ingcindezi 'yokushicilela noma yokushabalalisa' Kwezemfundo kudale isiko elisha lokuzibhekisela lapho udumo, ukukhushulwa kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali kuhlotshaniswa ngokungalingani nezilinganiso zokushicilelwa kanye nokubalwa kwemibhalo. Lokhu kuguquguquka kukhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa, kukhuthaza imikhuba yokubhala engafanele, kanye nezikhungo zamalungelo eNyakatho Yomhlaba, futhi kubeka eceleni ucwaningo lokubaluleka kwendawo noma komphakathi. Umphumela uyindida: isayensi ethuthukisa ulwazi ngaphakathi kodwa ibonakala ihlukanisiwe nezidingo zemiphakathi nezizwe.
Ukuhlanekezelwa okunjalo kunemiphumela ebanzi ekuthembekeni. Lapho izakhiwo zesayensi zemivuzo zibonakala zingahambisani kahle nezintshisekelo zomphakathi, izakhamuzi zibona umphakathi wesayensi njengozisebenzelayo kunokugxila emphakathini. I-Coalition for Advancing Research Assessment (I-CoARA) iye yafuna ukubhekana nalokhu kungalingani ngokukhuthaza izinhlelo zokuhlola eziqaphela imiphumela eyahlukahlukene—kufaka phakathi ukwabelana ngedatha, imikhuba yesayensi evulekile, imfundo, ukuzibandakanya kwenqubomgomo kanye nokubambisana komphakathi.
Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kocwaningo kuhambisana nezindinganiso zokuziphatha zobuqotho kanye nokuziphendulela. Ngakho-ke, lokhu akuyona nje inguquko yenqubo kodwa kuyisibopho sokuziphatha, esihilela ukuba khona komuntu futhi sibuyisele ukuvumelana phakathi kwemigomo kanye nemikhuba yesayensi. Ngokwazisa ukuzibandakanya kanye nokuvuleleka kanye nobuhle, ukuguqulwa kokuhlolwa kocwaningo kungaguqula isiko lesayensi libe yilelo elikhuthaza ukwethembeka ngenkonzo kanye nokusobala kunokuncintisana kanye nokukhethekile.
Eminyakeni engaba amashumi amabili edlule, umbiko we-UNESCO COMEST mayelana nokufundisa ngokuziphatha (2003) waqinisekisa ukuthi ukuziphatha akuyona into engenziwa ngokuzithandela ekuqeqeshweni kwesayensi kodwa kuyisici esibalulekile sobungcweti. Ukuqwashisa ngokuziphatha kumele kuhlakulelwe ngemfundo, ukuqeqesha kanye namasiko ezikhungo kuzo zonke izigaba. Ukuziphatha kokufundisa kunika ososayensi amandla okubona imiphumela yomphakathi yomsebenzi wabo kanye nokuxoxa ngezingxabano zenani ezingaphakathi ocwaningweni nasekusunguleni izinto ezintsha.
Ukuhlanganisa ukuziphatha emfundweni yesayensi kuyithuluzi elinamandla ekuqiniseni umthwalo wemfanelo ohlangene wezikhungo zocwaningo. Kwakha lokho COMEST ubiza a 'isiko lokuqwashisa ngokuziphatha', lapho ukuzindla ngesibopho kuba yinto yansuku zonke kunokuba kube yimfuneko yangaphandle. Lesi simo esibucayi singaba yindlela yokuqinisekisa ukuqina kolwazi olungamanga ngokuhlomisa ososayensi ukuthi baxhumane ngokungaqiniseki ngokucacile nangokuthobeka—ukukhuthaza ukwethembana ngokubambisana kokuziphatha kunokuba kube negunya kuphela.
Imfundo yokuziphatha iphinda ilungise igebe phakathi kwenkululeko kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo, iqinisekise ukuthi ukuzimela kwesayensi akuguquki kube ukuzihlukanisa. Ibeka uphenyo lwesayensi ngaphakathi kohlaka olubanzi lobuntu, ikhumbuza abacwaningi ukuthi isayensi ikhonza isithunzi kanye nenhlalakahle yabo bonke abantu.
Ukwethemba isayensi kuthinteka kakhulu ukungalingani kwesakhiwo emhlabeni jikelele wolwazi. Umbiko we-International Bioethics Committee (IBC) mayelana ne-Solidarity and Cooperation (2023) uphawula ukuthi izinzuzo zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe zihlala zisatshalaliswa ngokungalingani phakathi kwe-Global North kanye ne-Global South. Ukungalingani okuqhubekayo kwezimali, ingqalasizinda kanye nokufinyelela idatha kuqinisa ukuhlukana phakathi kwabakhiqizi bolwazi kanye nabangenisi bolwazi.
Lokhu kungafani kudala imibono ehlukene ngesayensi: ngenkathi abakhiqizi bebheka ukuphindaphindwa kanye nokuphikisana njengento ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni, abangenisi bangachaza izinto ezifanayo njengobufakazi bokungathembeki noma ukuphoqelelwa kwangaphandle. I-IBC igcizelela ukuthi ubumbano kumele lusebenze ngezindlela zokwabelana ngomthwalo kanye nezinzuzo, ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanganyela okulinganayo ekukhiqizweni nasekusetshenzisweni kolwazi.
Ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwemithi yokugomela i-COVID-19 kubonise ukuthi ubumbano lomhlaba wonke lungaba buthakathaka kangakanani lapho ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwesayensi kuhlukaniswa nobulungiswa bokusabalalisa. Ngokufanayo, ukufakwa kwezinhlaka eziklanywe ngaphandle—isibonelo, ekubusweni kobuhlakani bokwenziwa—kuyingozi ukukhiqiza ukuthembela kwe-epistemic kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamasiko.
Isigaba 13 se-UDBHR sigcizelela ubumbano nokubambisana njengezisekelo zokuziphatha zentuthuko yesayensi, kuyilapho isigaba 24 sibiza ingxoxo yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokwakhiwa kwamandla ukuze kuncishiswe ukungalingani. Lezi zinhlinzeko zisikhumbuza ukuthi ukwethemba isayensi akunakuchuma ezimweni zokungabi nabulungisa kwesakhiwo. Ngakho-ke ukwakha ukwethembana kuhilela ukukhuthaza ukubambisana okulinganayo, ukuqinisa izinhlelo zesayensi evulekile kanye nokusekela izinhlelo zokwakha amandla ezivumela zonke izizwe ukuba zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekudalweni kolwazi lomhlaba wonke.
Ukwenza izinqubomgomo ezisekelwe ebufakazini, phakathi kokungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo, kungaphezu nje kokusebenzisa idatha enembile noma ukuvumelana kochwepheshe. Abenzi bezinqumo bangasebenzisa isayensi njengesikhali sokuphakamisa ukuphikiswa noma ukwenza izinqumo zizwakale zibalulekile. Ngaphandle kwalokho, lapho abaholi bezepolitiki bethi 'balandela isayensi', bavame ukunganaki izahlulelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezifakwe eselulekweni sesayensi. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka ubudlelwano bokuzibophezela kokuziphatha phakathi kwesayensi, inqubomgomo kanye nomphakathi. Ngakho-ke izinqubomgomo ezisekelwe kwisayensi kumele zihlale zivulekile ekuhlolweni kokuziphatha kanye nokuxoxwa ngentando yeningi.
Ukuhlakulelwa kokwethembana okubucayi—ukuzethemba ezinqubweni zesayensi kuhlanganiswe nokuqaphela imikhawulo yazo—kunikeza isisekelo esizinzile sokusebenzisana kwesayensi nenqubomgomo kunokholo olungaboni noma ukungabaza. Izimiso zokuziphatha okuhle zinikeza isiqondiso esijwayelekile salobu budlelwano: ukwethembeka, ukuzuzisa, ubulungiswa, ukuzimela, ubumbano kanye nobuqotho. Ukufaka lezi zimiso emisebenzini yocwaningo, ukuhlolwa kwezemfundo kanye nokubusa kuvumela isayensi ukuthi igcine ukuba semthethweni kwayo kokubili njengebhizinisi lobuhlakani kanye nelokuziphatha.
Ukwakha kabusha ukwethembana kwisayensi akukwazi ukuthembela ekuthonyeni kuphela. Kudinga ukuthi isayensi ibe nokwethenjelwa okubonakalayo—ivuleleke, ibe nobulungiswa, ibandakanye wonke umuntu futhi izicabangele ngokwezimiso zokuziphatha. Izinselele ezihlanganisa ulwazi olungalungile, ukungalingani kanye nokuzibandakanya kwezepolitiki azinakuxazululwa kuphela ososayensi noma abenzi benqubomgomo kodwa ngokuzibophezela okusha ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha kanye nobumbano lomhlaba wonke, ngokubandakanyeka okukhulu komphakathi obanzi.
Njengoba i-IBC ne-COMEST zombili zigcizelele, ukuziphatha kufanele kungene ezinhlakeni zemfundo, ukuhlolwa kanye nokuphatha. Ukugcinwa kwenkululeko yesayensi, ukuqinisa izikhungo zesayensi, kanye nokwakha ubunye kanye nokubambisana ngaphesheya kwemingcele akuzona nje izifiso zobungcweti; futhi kuyizinto ezibalulekile zokuziphatha okumele kubhekwane nazo. Kuphela ngokugcwalisa lezi zimiso lapho isayensi ingafeza khona inkontileka yayo yezenhlalo futhi iqondise ukwenziwa kwenqubomgomo ezweni eliguqukayo eliphawulwa ukungaqiniseki, ukuncika komunye nomunye kanye nokungalingani okukhula.
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