Ungalindela ukuthi i-anecdote enjalo eluma izinzipho ivela kumhloli wamazwe, kodwa uDkt Reimer uyisazi sezibalo nomfundisi eNyuvesi yase-Utah, futhi uyingxenye yomphakathi oshintshe amagumbi okufundela athokomele kwezinye zezingwadule zomhlaba ezingenamoya. , emzamweni wokusebenzisa izinombolo ukuqonda ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke.
Izigigaba zabo zibenza bakwazi ukuzibonela mathupha izinqubo eziqhuba uguquko ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi baqinisekise imibono yabo yezibalo yeqhwa lasolwandle kanye nendima yalo njengengxenye ebalulekile ohlelweni lwesimo sezulu soMhlaba.
Ugqinsi kanye nezinga leqhwa lasolwandle e-Arctic kwehle ngokushesha kusukela kwaqalwa ukukala ngesathelayithi 1979.
Iqhwa lasolwandle liyisiqandisi soMhlaba, elibonisa ukukhanya kwelanga emuva emkhathini. Ukuba khona kwayo okuhlala njalo kubalulekile ekusaseni leplanethi yethu ngoba, njengoba iqhwa lincibilika, amanzi amnyama engeziwe avela obala abamba ukukhanya kwelanga okwengeziwe. La manzi ashiswe yilanga ancibilikisa iqhwa elengeziwe ngomjikelezo wokuziqinisa obizwa ngokuthi i-ice albedo impendulo.
Nakuba ukwehla kweqhwa olwandle mhlawumbe kungenye yezinguquko ezinkulu ezibonakalayo ezixhunywe ekufudumaleni kweplanethi ebusweni boMhlaba, ukuhlaziya, ukumodela nokubikezela ukuziphatha kwawo kanye nokusabela kwesistimu ye-polar esekelwayo kunzima kakhulu, kodwa izazi zezibalo zingasiza.
U-Kenneth Golden, uprofesa ovelele wezibalo kanye noprofesa we-biomedical engineering eNyuvesi yase-Utah, uye wakha uhlelo oluyingqayizivele lweqhwa lasolwandle eminyakeni engu-30. Inhlanganisela yayo yocwaningo lwezibalo, ukumodela kwesimo sezulu kanye nohambo olujabulisayo lwasezindaweni ezishisayo, ihehe abafundi nabacwaningi abenza izifundo zobudokotela, okuhlanganisa noDkt Reimer, abagxile ekusebenziseni lolu hlobo lwesayensi ukuze basize ekubhekaneni nezinselele ezicindezelayo zesimo sezulu esishintsha ngokushesha.
UDkt Reimer ufunde ukuthi amabhere amhlophe nama-seal asabela kanjani ezinguqukweni endaweni yawo eyiqhwa. Ngenkathi esebenzisa amamodeli ezibalo ukuze aqonde ukusebenzisana phakathi kwalezi zidalwa nendawo yazo, wathatha nezilinganiso namasampula kumabhere ase-Arctic, okwakuyinto ayengakaze alindele ukuyenza njengochwepheshe wezibalo. Abalali nhlobo lapho bezolile; bayacasuka,” uyachaza. “Omunye wabo wangicasula ngoba kwakubonakala sengathi angavuka ngesinye isikhathi.”
UDkt Reimer uthatha izilinganiso ebhereni elipholile elizithulele e-Arctic.
Indawo yawo enciphayo isho ukuthi amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo ahamba eqhweni elincanyana, kodwa kwethenjwa ukuthi izifundo ezifana nekaDkt Reimer zizosiza ochwepheshe baqonde ukuthi zingavikelwa kanjani izilwane ezidla ezinye ezinkulu.
Nokho, izwe elincanyana “elishukumisa ingqondo” lamagciwane nolwelwe oluhlala emanzini anosawoti ongaphakathi eqhweni lasolwandle manje elimjabulisayo. Lo mphakathi wezinto eziphilayo nendawo yawo yokuhlala kuthonywa ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, usawoti kanye nokukhanya, okwenza kube nzima ukumodela ngendlela efanele. Emsebenzini wakhe wamanje, uDkt Reimer wakha amamodeli ukuze aqonde ukuthi lezi zici zisebenzisana kanjani ukuze anqume umsebenzi webhayoloji eqhweni. "Ukuqonda ukuthi izinqubo zalezi zikali ezincane zifaka isandla kanjani kumaphethini wezinga eliphezulu kubalulekile ekuboniseni umthelela wesimo sezulu esishisayo ku-polar marine ecology," uyachaza.
Kuyinselelo yokuqonda ukuthi ukwakheka kweqhwa lasolwandle kuthinta kanjani ukuziphatha kweqhwa elikhulu elithakaselwa uProf Golden. Uvakashele izindawo ezishisayo zaseMhlabeni izikhathi ezingu-18, ezama imimoya yasentshonalanga eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-Roaring Forties" ukuze afike e-Antarctica ngomkhumbi futhi agweme ukucwila emanzini aneqhwa ngenkathi ekala iqhwa lasolwandle. Uthi: “Ngesinye isikhathi ngavakashelwa umkhomo omkhulu ongaba amamitha angu-XNUMX ukusuka lapho, owawukwazi ukugqashula kalula insatshana engangiphezu kwayo ngokutshikizisa umsila wawo.
UProf Golden ucwaninga ngesakhiwo esincane seqhwa lasolwandle ukuze abale ukuthi uketshezi lungageleza kalula kangakanani kulo. “Iqhwa lasolwandle linosawoti. Ine-microstructure ene-porous ye-brine inclusions ehluke kakhulu kuneqhwa lamanzi ahlanzekile, "kusho yena.
UProf Golden uhole amathimba ezinhlaka ezihlukene ukuthi abikezele izinga lokushisa elibucayi lapho amanzi asolwandle ehlangana khona ukuze uketshezi lukwazi ukugeleza eqhweni lasolwandle, futhi akhe indlela yokuqala ye-X-ray tomography yokuhlaziya ukuthi i-geometry ye-inclusions ishintsha kanjani ngezinga lokushisa. Uyachaza: “Ukuqonda indlela amanzi olwandle ageleza ngayo eqhweni lolwandle kungenye yezihluthulelo zokuhumusha indlela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okuyokwenzeka ngayo endaweni ezungezile yasolwandle,” echaza.
Ukuthola le "switch on-off" kusize ososayensi baqonde kangcono izinqubo ezifana nokuthi imisoco ephakela imiphakathi yama-algal ehlala ekufakweni kwe-brine igcwaliswa kanjani.
Ucwaningo lukaProfessor Golden lukhombisa ukuthi uketshezi lungageleza kanjani kalula eqhweni lolwandle, olune-microstructure enezimbotshana ze-brine inclusions (osesithombeni). WF Weeks and A. Assur, CRREL (US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab) Report 269, 1969
I-brine eqhweni lolwandle iphinde ithinte isiginesha yayo ye-radar, ethinta izilinganiso zesathelayithi zamapharamitha afana nogqinsi lweqhwa olusetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa amamodeli wesimo sezulu. Lezi zinhlobo zibalulekile ngoba zibikezela izinguquko ezizayo esimweni sethu sezulu futhi zisetshenziswa abaholi bomhlaba nososayensi ukuqhamuka namasu okunciphisa.
Izinhlobonhlobo zeqhwa ziletha inselele, kodwa ukuhlukahluka phakathi kwabacwaningi, othisha nabafundi kudala indawo ekahle yemibono emisha. E-US, ikota eyodwa kuphela yeziqu zobudokotela kwizibalo nesayensi yekhompiyutha yaklonyeliswa kwabesifazane ngo-2015, kodwa izinhlelo ezifana neNyuvesi yase-Utah. UKUFINYELELA Uhlelo lukhulisa ongoti bezibalo besifazane abanekhono ngokubasiza bavule amathuba afana nokweluleka kanye nokucwaninga ngezandla. Uhambo oluya e-Arctic alugcini nje ngokunikeza abafundi ulwazi oluphakeme, kodwa luqinisekisa ukuthi ochwepheshe bezibalo bayabandakanyeka ocwaningweni olusezingeni eliphezulu nasezisombululweni, kanye nososayensi besimo sezulu nonjiniyela.
Uma bengalwi nezishingishane, uDkt Reimer kanye noProf Golden basebenza ngokubambisana, kumaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene kanye nokweluleka abafundi besifazane abathola iziqu njengengxenye yohlelo lwe-ACCESS. Ngemva kokuvuselela ingxenye yezibalo ngo-2018 ukuze ihlanganise nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, uProf Golden usebone cishe inani eliphindwe kathathu labafundi be-ACCESS abanentshisekelo yokwenza izibalo ezinkulu noma izifundo zocwaningo kunangaphambili.
URebecca Hardenbrook, ongomunye wabafundi bePhD kaSolwazi Golden, uthi: “Ukugxila ezindabeni ezicindezelayo njengokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kuheha abantu abaningi esibafunayo ezifundweni zezibalo, okuyiwo wonke umuntu, kodwa ikakhulukazi, abesifazane, abantu bebala, abantu abayizixhwanguxhwangu; noma ubani ovela kwisizinda esingamelelwe kahle.”
U-Hardenbrook wajoyina uhlelo lwe-ACCESS ngaphambi konyaka wakhe wokuqala njenge-undergraduate, echitha ihlobo elebhu ye-astrophysics, eyavula amehlo akhe ekutheni enze ucwaningo. “Impilo yayishintsha ngempela,” kusho yena, hhayi ngoba waphinde wanquma ukwenza i-PhD kwizibalo noProf Golden ngemva kokufunda i-thermal transport eqhweni lasolwandle njengomuntu oneziqu.
URebecca Hardenbrook ufundisa izibalo kubafundi base-University of Utah eSalt Lake City.
Manje usegqugquzela abafundi abancane ngohlelo lwe-ACCESS njengomsizi wokufundisa, kanye nokumodela kwamachibi ancibilikayo, okungamachibi amanzi eqhweni lolwandle i-Arctic. La machibi anendima ebalulekile ekunqumeni izinga lokuncibilika kwesikhathi eside kweqhwa lasolwandle i-Arctic ngokumunca imisebe yelanga esikhundleni sokuyibonakalisa. Njengoba zikhula futhi zijoyina ndawonye, ziba nenguquko ku-fractal geometry, zenze ngempumelelo iphethini engapheli engamodelwa izazi zezibalo.
I-Hardenbrook yakhela phezu kweshumi leminyaka lomsebenzi wokuncibilika kwamachibi kaProf Golden kanye nabafundi bangaphambili nabacwaningi enyuvesi ngokulungisa imodeli yakudala ye-Ising, eyathuthukiswa eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule futhi ichaza ukuthi izinto zingazuza noma zilahlekelwe kanjani yizibuthe, ukuze zifanekisele ukuncibilika. i-geometry yechibi. "Ngithemba ukwenza imodeli yeqhwa lasolwandle linembe kakhudlwana ngokomzimba ukuze likwazi ukufakwa ezinhlotsheni zesimo sezulu somhlaba wonke ukuze kwakhiwe indlela enembe kakhudlwana yokubhekana namachibi ancibilikayo, anomthelela oyisimanga ku-albedo yase-Arctic," echaza.
Izazi zezibalo seziyixazulule kakade indida yokuthi zingachazwa kanjani ububanzi bendawo yeqhwa yasolwandle eguquguqukayo, esukela engxenyeni engaphakathi ejulile yeqhwa iye emikhawulweni engaphandle, lapho amagagasi ekwazi ukunqamula khona iqhwa elintantayo.
U-Court Strong, ongusosayensi womkhathi futhi ongomunye wozakwabo bakaProf Golden eNyuvesi yase-Utah, uthole ugqozi emthonjeni ongajwayelekile: i-cerebral cortex yobuchopho begundane. Wabona ukuthi bangasebenzisa indlela efanayo yezibalo ukukala ububanzi bendawo yeqhwa engaseceleni njengoba benza lapho bekala ukujiya kobuchopho obunamaqhuqhuva begundane, nalo elinokuhlukahluka okuningi. Ngosizo lwale modeli eyenziwe lula, ithimba likwazile ukukhombisa ukuthi indawo yeqhwa eseceleni isikhule cishe ngo-40% njengoba isimo sezulu sishisa.
Uhlelo lwe-ACCESS lwenyuvesi yase-Utah, okuhlanganisa nocwaningo lwayo olusebenza ngezandla, lucwilisa abafundi endaweni yemikhakha eyahlukene lapho izibalo ziyingxenye yesithombe esikhulu. Ikhuthaza impova ehlukahlukene, lapho izindlela nemibono evela ezindaweni zesayensi ezibonakala zingahlobene zingasetshenziswa ukuxazulula izinkinga lapho izibalo eziyisisekelo zifana.
“Uma wethulwa ngesimo esingajwayelekile, udinga izinhlobo ezahlukene zemiqondo ukuze ubheke inkinga ngokucacile futhi uqhamuke nezisombululo,” kusho uProf Golden.
Ukulahleka kweqhwa olwandle okubonwa e-Arctic kwenzeke emashumini ambalwa eminyaka nje ambalwa futhi kuqhubeka ngesivinini esishaqisayo.
“Sidinga bonke ubuchopho obuhle nezindlela ezahlukene zokucabanga esingazithola, futhi sizidinga ngokushesha,” usho kanje.
Lesi sihloko sibuyekezwe eNyuvesi yase-Utah, i-National Science Foundation kanye neHhovisi Lokucwaninga Ngemikhumbi ka-Elvis Bahati Orlendo, i-International Foundation for Science, i-Stockholm kanye noDkt Magdalena Stoeva, i-FIOMP, i-FIUPESM.
Funda kabanzi mayelana ne-Bandakanya Onyakeni We-5 Wamazwe Ngamazwe We-Polar 
Funda kabanzi mayelana nokubiza amabhidi wokusingatha i-IPY-5 International Coordination Office | umnqamulajuqu: 6 February Funda kabanzi mayelana nokubizela amaKomiti Kazwelonke e-IPY-5 
