USolwazi Zeinab Osman
Umcwaningi ku-Sustainable Biomaterials kanye nowayenguMqondisi Jikelele e-National Center for Research, eSudan
Bekufanele kube yincwadi yokuqala yamazwe ngamazwe yomunye wabafundi bami be-master.
Ngemva kwezinyanga eziningi zezinsuku elabhorethri, iqembu lethu locwaningo laphumelela ekwakheni amaphaneli ahlanganisiwe anobungani nemvelo embonini yefenisha sisebenzisa izinhlobo zezihlahla zaseSudan ezingasetshenziswa kahle. Sasikhiphe futhi amakhemikhali emvelo e-phenolic emagxolweni alezi zihlahla ukuze sikhiqize isithasiselo esisekelwe ku-bio esinciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-formaldehyde kusuka ezintini zokhuni ezivamile. Iphrojekthi ibonise ukuthi imithombo yamahlathi endawo ingaguqulwa kanjani ibe izinto eziphephile nezihlala isikhathi eside ngenkathi idala inani elengeziwe kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezinganakwa.
Sasiziqhenya ngemiphumela. Okubaluleke kakhulu, sasijabule ngokuthi lokhu kuzoba incwadi yokuqala yamazwe ngamazwe yomcwaningi osemusha onethalente ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe wesayensi.
Lapho sihambisa lo mbhalo ephephabhukwini elikhethekile lamazwe ngamazwe, sasilindele ukugxekwa kwesayensi, ukuphawula kwababuyekezi kanye mhlawumbe nezicelo zokubuyekezwa. Esikhundleni salokho, satshelwa ukuthi, ngenxa yokuthi iSudan yayingaphansi kwezijeziso zase-US ngaleso sikhathi, umshicileli wayengenakukwazi ukucabangela ukuthunyelwa okuvela ezikhungweni zaseSudan.
Nakuba lezi kwakuyizijeziso zase-US, umthelela wazo wadlulela kude kakhulu ne-United States. Abashicileli abaningi besayensi basebenza njengezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe futhi basebenzise izinqubomgomo zokuthobela izijeziso kuyo yonke imisebenzi yabo yamazwe ngamazwe.
Leli phepha lagcina lishicilelwe ephephabhukwini elibukezwe ontanga lesifunda futhi sabonga ukuthi ucwaningo luthole ikhaya lesayensi. Kodwa-ke bengilokhu ngizibuza ukuthi umsebenzi walowo mcwaningi osemusha wawungase uqale ngendlela ehlukile kangakanani ukube incwadi yakhe yokuqala yayifinyelele emphakathini wesayensi womhlaba wonke.
Lokho okuhlangenwe nakho kwangifundisa ukuthi izindleko ezinkulu kakhulu zokuhlukaniswa ngokwesayensi azilinganiswa njalo ngamaphepha enqatshwayo. Zilinganiswa ngamathuba anganikezwa.
Ifa lesayensi laseSudan libuyela emuva eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu. Ucwaningo lwezolimo oluhleliwe lwaqala ngo-1902, kwalandela ukusungulwa kweWellcome Tropical Research Laboratories ngo-1905. Ucwaningo lwezokwelapha eNyuvesi yaseKhartoum kanye nokusungulwa kweNational Center for Research ngo-1970 kwaqinisa kakhulu izisekelo zesayensi zezwe. Ngo-1991, iNational Council for Research yahlelwa kabusha futhi yabizwa kabusha njenge Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Socwaningo (i-NCR), eqhubeka nokusebenza njengesikhungo socwaningo esiyinhloko saseSudan.
Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka iSudan yakha izikhungo zocwaningo ezihlonishwayo futhi yakhiqiza izizukulwane zososayensi abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu. Kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980, iNational Council for Research yathola ukwesekwa okuvela kubalingani bamazwe ngamazwe eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, kanti abacwaningi baseSudan banegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwezolimo, kwezokwelapha, kwezobunjiniyela kanye nesayensi yemvelo.
Izinguquko zezombusazwe zango-1989 kanye nezijeziso zase-US ezabekwa ngo-1995 zashintsha lowo mzila. I-United States yaqoka iSudan njengoMxhasi Wezwe Wobuphekula ngo-1993, icaphuna ukusekelwa kukahulumeni waseSudan yizinhlangano zamaphekula zomhlaba wonke. Ngo-1997, i-US yabeka izijeziso zezomnotho eziphelele ngokusebenzisa I-Order Order 13067, ekhuluma ngokukhathazeka ngobuphekula, ukuphepha kwesifunda kanye nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Imiphumela yadlulela ngale kwezomnotho. Ucwaningo lwesayensi lwahlukaniswa kakhulu nomphakathi wamazwe omhlaba.
Isifundo 1: Ubuhle besayensi abuxhomekile nje kuphela kubacwaningi abanamakhono kanye nama-laboratory ahlonyiswe kahle, kodwa futhi nasekufinyeleleni ohlelweni lwesayensi lomhlaba wonke.
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blog Ngabuyela eSudan ngemuva kokuqeda iziqu zami ze-PhD kwiSayensi kanye neTekhnoloji Yezimboni eNyuvesi yaseLorraine eFrance kanye ne-postdoctoral fellowship ePolymers School of Chemistry, eNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand eNingizimu Afrika ngo-2006. Njengoba ngangisebenze ezindaweni zocwaningo ezixhumene namazwe ngamazwe, ngangijwayele ukusebenzisana ngaphesheya kwemingcele kanye nokushicilela emaphephandabeni ahlonishwayo aphesheya kwezilwandle.
Ngo-2010, ngaba nguMqondisi we-Institute of Technological Research, i-NCR, ngentshiseko enkulu kanye nokuzimisela ukuqinisa ucwaningo lwesayensi eSudan. UMnyango Wezezimali wasekela ngomusa ukwenziwa kwesimanje kwama-laboratory ethu. Uxhaso lwalutholakala ukuze kuthengwe imishini yesayensi ethuthukisiwe, kodwa ukuthola lezi zinsimbi kwaba yinselele engalindelekile. Abaphakeli abaningi bamazwe ngamazwe benqaba ukuthengisa imishini ye-laboratory noma izingxenye ezibalulekile ezikhungweni zaseSudan ngenxa yezijeziso. Nakuba lezi zinyathelo zaziqondiswe kakhulu kuhulumeni waseSudan, ukuqaliswa kwazo yizinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe kwakuvame ukunwetshwa emisebenzini ebanzi yezentengiselwano. Izinkampani zamukela izinqubomgomo eziqinile zokuthobela izijeziso kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi azo omhlaba, okusho ukuthi abacwaningi baseSudan bahlangabezane nezithiyo ngisho nalapho bexhumana nabaphakeli nezikhungo ezingaphandle kwe-United States. Lezi zinselelo azithintanga nje kuphela ukufinyelela imishini yesayensi nezinto zocwaningo kodwa futhi nokubamba iqhaza okubanzi ohlelweni lwesayensi lwamazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa namathuba okushicilela kanye nokubambisana. Kwezinye izimo, izinkampani emazweni angomakhelwane nazo azikwazanga ukuhlinzeka ngezinto ezibalulekile ngoba zaziyizinkampani ezingaphansi, abasabalalisi, noma abalingani bezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezidingekayo ukuze zihambisane nale mikhawulo.
Lezi zithiyo ezinqwabelanayo zaba negalelo ekuhlukanisweni okwandayo kososayensi baseSudan emphakathini wocwaningo womhlaba wonke, kwanciphisa amathuba okubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, ukufinyelela izinsiza zesayensi kanye nekhono lokwenza ucwaningo ezingeni elidingekayo lokuncintisana komhlaba wonke.
Umthelela wokuzihlukanisa wabonakala nasemathubeni aphuthelwe ukuqinisa amandla ocwaningo. Isibonelo, asikwazanga ukuzuza ngokugcwele kwezinye izinhlelo zesayensi zomhlaba wonke, okuhlanganisa amathuba ahlobene nokusungula nokusekela izikhungo zelebhu ezithuthukisiwe. La mathuba aphuthelwe amele okungaphezu kokulahlekelwa imishini noma ingqalasizinda; anciphisa ikhono labacwaningi lokuthuthukisa amakhono amasha, ukusungula amanethiwekhi nokuhlanganyela ngokugcwele emphakathini wesayensi womhlaba wonke.
Ngemva kwezinyanga eziningi zemizamo engaphumelelanga, ngaphendukela kubaphakeli abahlukile ngokungathandi. Ukulibaziseka kwahlehlisa amaphrojekthi ocwaningo futhi kwaphoqa abafundi be-master's yami ukuba bandise izifundo zabo ngaphezu konyaka.
Ekugcineni, amalabhorethri ethu aqala ukusebenza futhi abacwaningi bethu bakhiqiza umsebenzi wekhwalithi ephezulu yesayensi.
Sasikholelwa ukuthi ingxenye enzima isiphelile. Eqinisweni, yayisanda kuqala.
Ukushicilela kwaba esinye isithiyo.
Kwabacwaningi abaningi, iphepha elamukelekayo limelela okungaphezu komunye umugqa ku-curriculum vitae. Kuwukuqaphela ukuthi iminyaka yokusebenza kanzima ibe negalelo ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi. Ngangivame ukukhumbula iminyaka yami eNingizimu Afrika, lapho ozakwethu babegubha khona incwadi ngayinye entsha ndawonye.
Emuva eSudan, ngibukele abacwaningi bechitha izinyanga, ngezinye izikhathi iminyaka, bekhiqiza isayensi enhle kakhulu, kodwa ngathola ukuthi ukuyabelana ngayo nomphakathi wamazwe omhlaba kungaba nzima kakhulu kunokwenza ucwaningo ngokwalo. Ngangivame ukuzithola ngicabanga ngesikhathi esichithwe, amakhemikhali angavamile elebhu, uxhaso lomphakathi, ukuzinikela kwabafundi kanye namahora angenakubalwa achithwa elabhorethri. Ukulahlekelwa kwangempela kwakungeyona nje incwadi engashicilelwanga. Kwakuwukulahlekelwa okungabonakali kwamathuba esayensi.
Ukubonakala kwesayensi kuncike kokungaphezu kwezincwadi zamajenali. Ukuba khona kwewebhu okuqinile kwezikhungo kuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi babelane ngomsebenzi wabo, bakhe ukubambisana futhi babonise amandla abo esayensi emhlabeni. Kodwa ngisho nalolu hlobo oluyisisekelo lokubonakala lwaluvame ukuba ngaphezu kwamandla ethu. Phakathi neminyaka yami eNational Center for Research, imizamo ephindaphindiwe yokusungula iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yeSikhungo kanye nezikhungo zaso zocwaningo ayizange iphumelele ngoba ukufinyelela kumawebhusayithi abalulekile kanye nezinsizakalo zedijithali ezihlobene kwakuvinjelwe ngaphansi kwezijeziso zase-US. Ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzi omningi wesayensi waseSudan wawungabonakali kakhulu emphakathini wocwaningo wamazwe ngamazwe, okunciphisa amathuba okubambisana, ukuqashelwa kanye nokushintshana ngolwazi.
Isifundo 2: Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi kudlulela ngale kokushicilelwa. Kunciphisa ukubonakala, kunciphisa ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, kudikibalise isizukulwane esilandelayo sabacwaningi futhi ekugcineni kubambezele ukusungulwa kwesayensi.
Njengoba ngangingena ebuholini bocwaningo, okokuqala njengoMqondisi wesikhungo sami futhi kamuva njengoMqondisi Jikelele weNational Center for Research, ngaqala ukubona ukuthi lokhu kwakungeyona into eyenzeka ngedwa. Kwakuyinselele ehlelekile ethinta amaqembu amaningi ocwaningo.
Umphumela owodwa wangikhathaza kakhulu: Abacwaningi abanekhono baphendukela kakhulu kumajenali ahlaselayo ngoba izindlela zokushicilela ezisemthethweni zase zinzima ukuzifinyelela. Lapho ososayensi abasebasha befika ehhovisi lami bememezela ngokuziqhenya ukuthi amaphepha abo amukelwe, ngangivame ukuzithola ngingaqiniseki ukuthi ngibahalalisele noma ngizizwe ngidabukile ngezimo ezazibashiye bengenazo izinketho eziningi kangaka.
Lesi simo sangishukumisela ukuba ngihlele izikhathi zokuqeqesha ngezimiso zokuziphatha zokunyathelisa kanye namajenali okuphanga, ngiqala ngaphakathi kwesikhungo sami futhi kamuva ngandisa le misebenzi kulo lonke iNational Center for Research.
Inkinga ayizange ibe ukuntuleka kwekhono lesayensi. Kwakuwukungezwani okukhulayo phakathi kwabacwaningi abanekhono kanye nohlelo lokushicilela lwesayensi lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Isifundo 3: Ukushicilela okunonya akusiyo njalo imiphumela yezinqumo ezimbi zabacwaningi ngabanye. Ngezinye izikhathi kubonisa izithiyo ezijulile zesakhiwo ngaphakathi kohlelo locwaningo lomhlaba wonke.
Uma ukuzihlukanisa kwakuyingxenye yenkinga, ukubambisana kwakumelwe kube yingxenye yesisombululo.
Ngikhuthaze abacwaningi ukuthi bakhe ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, basungule amaphrojekthi ocwaningo ahlangene futhi bashicilele nozakwabo baphesheya noma nini lapho kuvela amathuba. Sizuze kakhulu futhi e-Sudan science diaspora ngokusebenzisa Imizamo yeZizwe Ezihlangene efana ne-TOKTEN, okwasiza ukuxhumanisa kabusha abacwaningi baseSudan nomphakathi wesayensi womhlaba wonke. futhi kwaphakamisa ucwaningo lwaseSudan emihlanganweni yamazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa nase-USA.
Siphinde sasebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhamba ngokuhlanganyela ezifana I-NAPATA, exhaswe ngokubambisana yi-Sudan Ministry of Higher Education and Campus FranceLokhu kwasenza sakwazi ukushintshana ngabacwaningi nabafundi abaphothule izifundo zabo phakathi kweSudan neFrance. Ngaphandle kokuvezwa kobuchwepheshe, lokhu kuvakasha kwaba nomthelela obalulekile ngokwengqondo: ukubona ukuthi amalabhorethri abo asekhaya asebenzisa imishini efana nezikhungo eziphezulu zaseFrance kwasiza abacwaningi bethu abasebasha ukuba balahle umuzwa wokuba “ngemuva komhlaba” futhi bathatha indawo yokuzihlukanisa ngokuzethemba kwangempela kobungcweti.
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwabacwaningi nabaphenyi kwashintsha ngendlela efanayo. Lapho ngihlangana nososayensi waseMelika engqungqutheleni eYurophu, wavuma ukuthi nakuba ayengenakukwazi ukuxhasa izifundo zokufunda e-US, wayenobudlelwano obuqinile namanyuvesi amaningana aseShayina. Leyo ngxoxo eyodwa, eqotho, yavula ubudlelwano nezikhungo ezivelele zaseShayina, yangivumela ukuthi ngithumele abafundi abayisikhombisa bezokwelapha ukuze bayokwenza ucwaningo oluthuthukisiwe, kanye nochwepheshe belebhu ukuze bathole ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile.
Ukubambisana kwami namazwe ngamazwe kamuva kwabonisa ukuthi lokhu kubambisana kungaba noshintsho kangakanani. Ukubambisana kwavula iminyango yamanethiwekhi amasha, kwathuthukisa ukubonakala, kwaqinisa ikhwalithi yocwaningo futhi kwadala amathuba abengeke afinyelelwe ngaphandle kwalokho.
Isifundo 4: Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwaba ngaphezu kakhulu komsebenzi wezemfundo. Kwaba yindlela yokuphila. Kwaveza ulwazi lwaseSudan esiteji somhlaba wonke ngenkathi kuvula izindlela ezibalulekile zamazwe ngamazwe kososayensi bethu. Ngokubuyisela ukuzethemba nokubonakala, lokhu kubambisana kwaguqula ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo kwaba ukuhlanganyela okusebenzayo komhlaba wonke.
Nakuba lesi sihloko sisekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kweSudan, ngikholwa ukuthi umyalezo waso udlulela phambili kakhulu.
Namuhla, izingxabano, ukungezwani kwezepolitiki, imikhawulo yezomnotho kanye nezinye izinkinga zomhlaba wonke ziyaqhubeka nokuthinta abacwaningi ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Noma nini lapho ososayensi behlukaniswa nenethiwekhi yamazwe ngamazwe, imiphumela idlulela ngale kwemisebenzi yomuntu ngamunye. Izinhlelo zocwaningo eziphelele zilahlekelwa ukubonakala, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kuyahamba kancane futhi izingozi zolwazi olubalulekile azibonakali.
Ngakho-ke ukuvikela ukubambisana kwesayensi yamazwe ngamazwe akukhona nje ukusekela abacwaningi ngabanye. Kumayelana nokuvikela ikhono labantu elihlangene lokukhiqiza ulwazi, ukuxazulula izinselele zomhlaba wonke nokuqeqesha isizukulwane esilandelayo sososayensi.
Uma ngibheka emuva eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu ngicwaninga, njengososayensi, umholi wocwaningo kanye noMqondisi Jikelele we-National Center for Research yaseSudan, sengikholelwa ukuthi usongo olukhulu kwisayensi akukhona ukuntuleka kwethalente noma imibono. Kuwukuzihlukanisa ngokwesayensi.
ESudan, lokho kuhlukaniswa akuzange kuvele endaweni engenamuntu. Kunalokho, kwathuthuka eminyakeni eminingi ngenxa yezinqumo zezepolitiki, izijeziso zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokungazinzi kwezepolitiki nomnotho okuqhubekayo kwezwe.
Lapho iSudan iqokwa yi-United States njengoMxhasi Wobuphekula, ukubambisana kwesayensi kwamazwe ngamazwe kwaba nzima kakhulu. Imikhawulo yezezimali, izithiyo zokuthengiselana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinqubomgomo zokuqapha ezamukelwa yizikhungo eziningi, abashicileli kanye nezinhlangano zokuxhasa ngemali kwadala izithiyo ezadlulela ngale kwezepolitiki. Nakuba lezi zinyathelo zaziqondiswe kuhulumeni, imiphumela yazo yathwalwa abacwaningi ngabanye, amanyuvesi kanye nezikhungo zesayensi ezazingenandima ezimweni zezepolitiki ezaholela kuzo. Umphumela waba ukuhlukaniswa kancane kancane komphakathi wonke wesayensi ekushintshaneni kolwazi emhlabeni jikelele.
Isayensi iyachuma lapho ulwazi, abacwaningi kanye nemibono bengahamba ngokukhululeka ngaphesheya kwemingcele. Ngenkathi izinhlelo zesayensi zisebenza ngaphakathi kwamaqiniso ezepolitiki, ukufinyelela olwazini lwesayensi kanye nokubambisana kufanele kuhlale kuvulekile futhi kufaka phakathi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuvikela ukushintshana kwesayensi ezithiyweni zezepolitiki kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abacwaningi abanamakhono, noma ngabe bakuphi, bangasiza ekubhekaneni nezinselele ezibhekene nesintu.
Ulwazi lwesayensi luyakhula uma lwabelwana ngalo ngaphesheya kwemingcele. Ngakho-ke ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umcwaningi unethuba lokufaka isandla kulo msebenzi ohlanganyelwe akusiwona nje umthwalo wesayensi, kodwa futhi nokuzibophezela enzuzweni yomphakathi womhlaba wonke kanye nefa lethu lesayensi elihlanganyelwe. Izinselele ezicindezela kakhulu emhlabeni, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ubhubhane, ukuvikeleka kokudla, ukulahlekelwa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nentuthuko esimeme, azinakuxazululwa yimiphakathi yesayensi ehlukanisiwe.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kweSudan kubonisa ukuthi ubuhle besayensi abunqunywa yindawo noma kwezombusazwe. Naphezu kweminyaka eminingi yokuzihlukanisa, ososayensi baseSudan baqhubeka nokufaka isandla emizamweni yesayensi yomhlaba wonke. Isibonelo esisodwa esiphawulekayo yile: UDkt. Balgis Osman-Elasha we-Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR), owayesebenza njengoMbhali Oholayo we-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. Umsebenzi we-IPCC waqashelwa nge 2007 Nobel Peace Prize, inikezwe ngokubambisana i-IPCC kanye ne-Al Gore. 33˒4 Le mpumelelo ikhombisa ukuthi ososayensi abavela emazweni abhekene nokuhlukaniswa kwezepolitiki kanye nezomnotho bangenza iminikelo ebalulekile ekubhekaneni nezinselele zomhlaba wonke uma benikezwa ithuba lokubamba iqhaza ekubambisaneni kwesayensi kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukukhipha ososayensi ngaphandle ngenxa yezingxabano, izithiyo, noma izithiyo zezepolitiki akugcini nje ngokulimaza abantu ngabanye; kuphuca umphakathi womhlaba wonke ulwazi olungasiza ekubhekaneni nezinselele ezisithinta sonke.
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