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Isayensi yesimanje iyisistimu yolwazi esebenza ngesethi eyinkimbinkimbi nenezigaba eziningi zezikhungo zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe, abadlali bomkhakha kahulumeni nabazimele kanye nezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezihumusha ucwaningo lube yisenzo—ngokusebenzisa ukusungula izinto ezintsha, inqubomgomo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kolwazi. Kodwa isayensi yesimanje kanye nezikhungo zayo ziyashintsha ngaphansi kwamathonya amaningi angaphandle, imiphumela yobuchwepheshe obusha kanye nesethi yabadlali abahlukahlukene ngokwengeziwe. Isikhungo sendawo sokudonsa amandla kwesayensi siya eningizimu nasempumalanga, sinemiphumela ebanzi yokuthi isayensi ingasebenza kanjani ukuthuthukisa okuhle komphakathi. Indima yomkhakha ozimele kanye nendlela yabo yokuzimela ngokwengeziwe ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe inethonya elikhulu. Ukungezwani kwesimo sezwe kunciphisa izindawo eziphephile zokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, kuvimbela amathuba esizukulwane esilandelayo sososayensi. Kodwa ngenkathi isayensi ithintwa futhi mhlawumbe ibunjwa amathonya angaphandle, kubalulekile ukuthi isayensi ingaphenduli ngokunganaki kodwa futhi izibhekele ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo ezingase zithathwe ukuvikela indima ebalulekile yesayensi njengenzuzo yomphakathi womhlaba wonke ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi nelishintshayo.
Isikhathi sokukhula kwethemba emhlabeni wonke ngemuva kokuwa kweSoviet Union ngo-1991 sabona isikhathi sokwanda kobudlelwano bomhlaba wonke, ukuxhumana kweNyakatho neNingizimu kanye nentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kwakhuthaza indawo yolwazi enhle, yize ingalingani. Kwezesayensi lokhu mhlawumbe kwafinyelela esicongweni ngo-2015 ngokusayinwa kweSivumelwano saseParis mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukwethulwa kweMigomo Yentuthuko Eqhubekayo (SDGs) kanye nesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe ku-Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imibuso yentando yeningi ekhululekile ibhekane nokwahlukana, ukuqina komnotho, ulwazi olungesilo iqiniso, ukukhathazeka ngokufuduka kanye nokubhekana nokungezwani kwezepolitiki njengoba indawo yamasu amaningi ehlukene ivele. Incwadi yokudlala ye-geostrategic igcizelela kakhulu ubuchwepheshe obuphuthumayo, imizwa yobuzwe kanye nobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe obuphathelene nokuthengiselana, kunokuba bube yisu. Lokhu kuye kwanciphisa izibopho ohlelweni olusekelwe emithethweni, kuchazwa kabusha amandla ezinhlangano zamazwe amaningi futhi kuphonsela inselelo isayensi yezobudlelwano bomhlaba kanye nokuzibophezela ekuthuthukeni ezindabeni ezibhekene nezizwe zomhlaba wonke. Ukufiphala kwemigqa phakathi kwesayensi, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, ezomnotho kanye namandla e-geostrategic kuye kwaqinisa ukungezwani phakathi kokuvuleleka nokuphepha. Izingcindezi zomnotho ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi ezikhululekile zisongela ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside kwezesayensi, ziqondisa kabusha izinsizakusebenza ziye ezinzuzweni zesikhathi esiseduze kanye nezinkinga zokuphepha, ngokuvamile ngokusabela okulinganiselwe komphakathi.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwesayensi nomphakathi buthintwe kokubili indawo yolwazi eshintshile kanye nezinguquko ezindleleni zomphakathi okungenani embusweni wentando yeningi okhululekile. Njengoba isayensi ibhekene nezinkinga ezithinta izintshisekelo nezindinganiso ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nobuchwepheshe bokugoma, isayensi isibe yindawo egxile kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni kwezepolitiki. Lokhu kungaholela ekwamukelweni kwesayensi okukhethiwe noma ukwenqatshwa kwayo kanye nesayensi nososayensi abahlaselwa ngokwezepolitiki. Kodwa naphezu kwalokhu isayensi isalokhu ithenjwa kakhulu ngabaningi emphakathini.
Ngokubalulekile ukukhiqizwa nokuxhumana kolwazi kuguqulwa ubuchwepheshe kanye ikakhulukazi ubuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI). I-AI ishintsha lokho okungenzeka ngokwesayensi, ukuthi ubani oqhuba ucwaningo nokuthi ubuhle buchazwa futhi buvuzwa kanjani. I-AlphaFold ibonisa ukuthi impumelelo eyodwa ingalungisa kanjani ngokushesha insimu. I-AI manje ishintsha zonke izici zochungechunge lwesayensi kusukela ekwabiweni kwezimali kuya ekutholakaleni kuya ekubikeni ukuze kusetshenziswe. Njengoba i-AI kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha enkulu kuba yinto ebalulekile, izindinganiso zokuphatha zokuphathwa kwedatha nokwabelana kumele ziguquke, kube nemiphumela yokusebenzisana komhlaba wonke kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe.
Kodwa ukuziphatha kwezikhungo zesayensi ngokwazo kungalimaza ukwethembana. Izikhungo zesayensi yomphakathi kanye nomphakathi wesayensi ngokwawo kusathonywa kakhulu yizikhuthazo zomkhiqizo ezihlobene nokushicilelwa kunokuba kuthonywe inhloso eyisisekelo yesayensi ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi kanye nokufaka isandla emphakathini. Lezi zikhuthazo zingaholela ekukhulunyelweni okwenziwa ososayensi kanye nezikhungo zabo ezimangalweni ezingaba khona zomthelela. I-AI iholele ekuqhumeni kwamaphepha asolisayo kanye nokuziphatha okukhathazayo okudaluliwe emphakathini wesayensi. Amamodeli ezezimali okushicilela isayensi kanye nokwanda okusheshayo komphakathi wesayensi oncintisana kakhulu kuholele emishinini yamaphepha, omagazini abaphangayo, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezincwadi zangaphambi kokushicilela kanye nezinkinga ezandayo zokuphindaphindeka. Ukubuyekezwa kontanga okuvamile akukwazi ukubhekana nakho. Uma irekhodi lesayensi lisengozini, nokwethemba isayensi nakho kusengozini.
Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe obusekelwe kwisayensi ikakhulukazi amapulatifomu asekelwe kwi-AI kwenzeka kakhulu emkhakheni ozimele ngendlela ekhululekile kakhulu kunenduduzo yomphakathi kanye nenhlanganisela yemiphumela emibi nemihle. Kuye ngokuthi lokhu kusheshisa kwezobuchwepheshe kuguquka kanjani, kungathinta indlela imiphakathi ebheka ngayo ibhizinisi lesayensi. Lokhu kungaphezu kobuchwepheshe besikhathi esidlule njengokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungavivinya isivumelwano senhlalo phakathi kwesayensi nomphakathi.
Izinhlelo zesayensi bezilokhu zibunjwa yizimo zezepolitiki nezezenhlalo kanye nokuxhaswa—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zezepolitiki, ezokusiza umphakathi, noma ezezinkampani. Njengoba izimo zomnotho nezendawo zishintsha, ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi kwisayensi kumele kuhambisane nezintshisekelo ezishintshayo zabaxhasi kanye nezinto ezintsha eziza kuqala kanye nobuchwepheshe, kushintshe ukuthi ubani obeka uhlelo kanye nendlela ucwaningo oluqhutshwa futhi lusetshenziswa ngayo. Kuphinde kube nemiphumela emikhulu endleleni isayensi yomphakathi kanye ikakhulukazi izinhlangano zayo ezibalulekile okumele zigxile ngayo emisebenzini yazo.
Emazweni athuthukile, izinqubomgomo zesayensi ziya ngokuya zigxila futhi ziqondisa izinto. Ngenkathi isayensi yaphakathi nekhulu lama-20 igcizelela ukuphepha, ukuzivikela kanye nokucatshangelwa kwezomnotho, kwakukhona nokugcizelelwa okukhulayo emigomweni yomphakathi ebanzi, okuhlanganisa nokuphathwa kwezinhlelo zemvelo nezenhlalo. Kodwa lapho kubhekene nezinselele zomnotho kanye nezendawo, inqubomgomo kula mazwe isengozini yokubuyela emuva emigomweni yezomnotho kanye nezokuphepha ngokushesha. Lokhu sekuvele kubeka engcupheni izindinganiso zokubambisana kwesayensi yamazwe ngamazwe.
Isayensi yomphakathi kumele ilethe ulwazi olusebenzisekayo, kodwa izakhiwo zamanje zenhlangano kanye nezezimali zivame ukwehluleka ukukhiqiza izinqumo noma izinqubomgomo zokubhekana nezinkinga ezibhekene nomhlaba wonke. Ukuguquguquka kwezepolitiki kusho ukuthi inqubomgomo yomphakathi eningi igxile esikhathini esifushane kuyilapho isayensi kanye nesayensi enkulu yokuzinza kudinga ukucabanga kwesikhathi eside. Imigomo Yentuthuko Eqhubekayo (SDGs) yaqanjwa ngesikhathi esinethemba kodwa yayiyisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesididayo esingenakugwenywa. Ayicacisi ngokucacile ukuthi ingaxazululwa kanjani inselele eyisisekelo yokulinganisela izenzo ezidingekayo ukuze kwandiswe inhlalakahle yabantu kanye neyomphakathi namaqiniso okuthi ukukhishwa kwezinsiza kudingeka kuncishiswe futhi kulawulwe.
Ukuntuleka kwentuthuko ezindabeni zezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke kuye kwabangela izikhalazo zokukhuthazwa kwamamodeli esayensi abandakanya wonke umuntu—njengezindlela zokufundisa ezihlanganisayo kanye nezokukhiqiza ngokubambisana—eziletha ababambiqhaza abavela ngaphandle kwemiphakathi yesayensi yendabuko. Ukubuyekezwa kontanga okunwetshiwe akuvame ukuba ithuluzi lesayensi, kodwa kungaba yisihluthulelo sokusekela isivumelwano sayo senhlalo. Izikhuthazo kanye nezakhiwo ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano zesayensi kanye neziteshi zokuxhasa ngezimali ezisiza umphakathi zihlala zigxile kumamodeli endabuko, aqhutshwa impendulo encane, okunciphisa umthelela wokuguqula. Isidingo sokuqaphela ukuthi umphakathi ulindele ukuthi isayensi ifakwe ngaphakathi kuwo, ingahlukanisiwe nayo siyisihluthulelo.
Izinhlangano zesayensi zidinga ukusebenzisana kanye nabaxhasi bomphakathi nabasizayo kanye namanyuvesi kanye nezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga ezingaphakathi kwesikhungo sesayensi eziphazamisa isivumelwano sezenhlalo sesayensi. Isikhungo sesayensi besilokhu sizibusa kakhulu ngale kwezibonakaliso ezingenakugwenywa nezifanele ezivela kubaxhasi baso kodwa kunengozi yokuthi izingcindezi zomphakathi nezepolitiki zifuna ukulimaza lokho kuzibusa. Kodwa izisusa ohlelweni lwesayensi ezigxila ekuziphatheni namasiko ngezindlela ezingalimaza ukwethembana, zivimbele ukubambisana, zingahloniphi ubudlelwano bomhlaba wonke futhi zinciphise ukuzethemba emlandweni wesayensi konke kudingeka kuxazululwe. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwesayensi yemvelo nezenhlalo akukalungiswa futhi lokho phakathi kwemiphakathi yesayensi yomphakathi neyomkhakha ozimele kudinga ukugxila.
Ukufinyelela nokuphatha idatha kukhula ngokushesha ukuze kube yinkinga eyinhloko yokubambisana kwesayensi. Ama-technopole amakhulu anemibono ehlukene yezepolitiki neyokusebenza ngedatha. Kodwa kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuqinisa ukuphathwa kwedatha nokuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kobumfihlo kanye nelayisensi yomphakathi ye-AI kanye ne-big data ocwaningweni futhi empeleni kabanzi. Ukungezwani okubangelwayo phakathi kobukhosi bedatha nokusetshenziswa okuvulekile kungaxazululwa kodwa isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthola indlela yokuphatha ubuchwepheshe bedijithali, be-biophysical kanye nesayensi yokuphila obungaba nomthelela omkhulu abukho futhi kuyinselele lapho isayensi kanye ne-diplomacy kumele kuhlangane.
Isayensi yesimanje iseduze kakhulu nolimi lomhlaba wonke futhi isayensi ngokubambisana ngokusemthethweni noma ngokungahleliwe ne-diplomacy inendima enkulu okufanele iyidlale, ikakhulukazi njengoba siqhubekela phambili esidingweni sokuphinde sibuke izindlela zethu zokuphatha izinkinga ze-global commons, lapho intshiseko yamashumi eminyaka adlule ithathelwe indawo kwezinye izikhulu ezinkulu ngenxa yokungathembi kanye nokulahlekelwa ukugxila. Kodwa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwesayensi ne-diplomacy kuzodingeka kube okusebenzayo kunokuba kube okunengqondo endaweni ethengisa kakhulu.
Kudingeka sicabange kabusha ngokuqeqeshwa nokuhlolwa kososayensi esikhathini sobuchwepheshe. Kungenzeka ngempela ukuthi amandla okubusa kwezobuchwepheshe azonqunyelwa ukufinyelela ekubaleni kanye nengqalasizinda yezobuchwepheshe okusho ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zesayensi zingase zingatholakali kalula eNingizimu Yomhlaba noma emazweni amancane - sidinga amasu anciphisa leyo ngozi engaholela emiphumeleni engalingani kuphela. Kunesidingo sokuthi izikhungo ziqinisekise ukuthi ososayensi, kokubili kwezenhlalo nakwezemvelo, baqeqeshwe ezindaweni ezifana nalezi: ilayisensi yezenhlalo kanye nenkontileka yesayensi, ukuziphatha, ukusebenzisana kwesayensi nenqubomgomo, ukusebenzisana nezinye izinhlelo zolwazi kanye nokuxhumana kwesayensi.
Umlando wesintu ukhombisa ukuthi ulwazi luthuthukisa inhlalakahle yemiphakathi yize kunemiphumela ehlukahlukene engemihle ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ucwaningo lukhonza izidingo zomphakathi okuhlanganisa nokuphepha, ukuphatha kanye nokukhula komnotho futhi lunegalelo ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme. Kodwa kumele luhlale luthembekile ngokuziphatha kwalo, ukucaca kokuxhumana kanye nokuziphendulela. Isayensi akudingeki ingabi matasa ekuphenduleni izingcindezi zangaphandle noma ubunzima bayo bangaphakathi. Kunendima ekhulayo yesayensi yokuxhumana, i-psychology yezenhlalo kanye nesayensi yokuqonda ekusizeni ukwazisa ukuthi isayensi igcina kanjani iphrofayili yayo ethembekile. Ibhizinisi lesayensi kumele licabange kabusha ngokuyisisekelo izinqubo zalo zokuzibusa, izikhuthazo kanye nokubambisana ukuze lihlale likwazi ukuletha ulwazi oluthembekile nolufanele umphakathi.
Ikusasa lesayensi lincike ekhonweni lalo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo ze-geostrategic, ukwamukela amamodeli abanzi okukhiqizwa kolwazi kanye nokulungisa izisusa kanye nokuphatha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isayensi ingaqhubeka nokusebenzela isintu njengebhizinisi elithembekile, elinomthelela futhi elifinyeleleka emhlabeni jikelele.
Isithombe ngu Izithombe ze-Getty ze-Unsplash+
Le bhulogi, ebanjwe ngokubambisana phakathi kwe-International Science Council (ISC) kanye ne-Frontiers Policy Labs, iyingxenye ye 'Ukubusa okusha kwesayensi ekhulwini lama-21' Uchungechunge olusebenza njengenkundla yokuxoxisana enamandla yobuholi bomcabango ngekusasa lokuphatha kwesayensi. Ukusuka ezifundweni zemfundo eziqinile, lesi sinyathelo sihlanganisa amazwi omhlaba wonke aholayo ukuze anikeze imibono ebukhali, evusa inkanuko kodwa esekelwe ebufakazini futhi ebheke phambili. Ngokwenza kanjalo, ifuna ukufaka isandla ekuchazeni imodeli yokubusa eqinile, ehlanganisa wonke umuntu futhi esobala ehlonyiselwe izinselele zesikhathi esizayo.
Bona okuthunyelwe kwasekuqaleni lapha.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nezingxoxo zesivumelwano sokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki ngesikhathi
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Funda kabanzi mayelana nohlelo lwe-ISC-CAST luqalise ukuqeqeshwa okusha kwe-AI kanye nokuxhumana ngocwaningo kwabacwaningi abasebancane naphakathi nomsebenzi
