Ukuvala Izikhala Zethala Lepulasitiki: Izenzo Ezisekelwe Isayensi Yezivumelwano Eziphumelelayo

Le bhulogi iyingxenye yochungechunge lwe-ISC mayelana nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kanye ISeshini Yesibili yeKomidi Lezingxoxo Eziphakathi Kukahulumeni Ngokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki.

Ipulasitiki idlale indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komuntu. Kodwa-ke, ukuphathwa kwayo okufanele - ikakhulukazi ekupheleni komjikelezo wempilo yayo- akukafananga nezinga layo lokusetshenziswa. Ngenxa yalokho, ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kuye kwaba kubi ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke okunomthelela omubi kubantu nasemvelweni. Lokhu kufanele kuxazululwe, futhi umphakathi womhlaba manje uyahlangana ukuze uveze imininingwane yesivumelwano sesikhathi esizayo sokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki. Mayelana nokuqaliswa, kunezikhala ezimbalwa zamandla esivumelwaneni sepulasitiki esinjalo, futhi ukuvala lezi zikhala kudinga umzamo wababambiqhaza abaningi. Mayelana nalokhu, umphakathi wesayensi udlala indima ebalulekile ekufakeni isandla ekuthuthukiseni idatha kanye namakhono okuqapha ngaphambi kwesivumelwano sepulasitiki sesikhathi esizayo.

Enqubweni yokusungula ithuluzi elibopha ngokomthetho emhlabeni wonke ukuze kunqandwe ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, umphakathi wesayensi usengxoxweni mayelana noshintsho lwezinhlelo ukuze kubhekwane nezimbangela zokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki. Amasistimu anjalo adinga ukubhekana nakho kokubili ukunikezwa kanye nesidingo ngokuhlanganisa ukuncishiswa kokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki okuyizinkinga nokungadingeki noguquko lwemakethe oluya ekuzungezweni kwamapulasitiki. Lokhu kungafinyelelwa ngokusheshisa amashifu amathathu abalulekile - ukusetshenziswa kabusha, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha, nokuhlela kabusha nokwehlukanisa - kanye nezenzo zokubhekana nefa lokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki”[1]. Ukuqonda isimo samanje nokulandelela inqubekelaphambili kudinga ukuqapha kanye nedatha kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokuphila wepulasitiki wamapulasitiki. Ukuqapha nokubika emazingeni kazwelonke nakwamanye amazwe kubalulekile ukuze kusetshenziswe ngempumelelo noma iliphi ithuluzi elibopha ngokomthetho ukuze kunqandwe ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kwesikhathi esizayo. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje, amazwe amaningana asathuthuka e-Asia nasePacific abhekene nemikhawulo ekhonweni lawo lokuqapha nokwenza amapulasitiki namakhemikhali ahlobene nepulasitiki.

Eminye yale mikhawulo ihlanganisa:

• Ukushoda Kwengqalasizinda: Amazwe amaningi asathuthuka e-Asia angase antule ingqalasizinda edingekayo yokuqapha okuphelele nokubika ngemikhiqizo yepulasitiki kulo lonke uchungechunge lwenani nokungcola. Lokhu kubandakanya izinsiza zaselabhorethri ezilinganiselwe, izinto zokuhlaziya, kanye nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe. Ingqalasizinda enganele ivimbela ukuqoqwa, ukuhlaziya, nokuchazwa kwedatha yokuqapha.[2]^,[3]
• Izinsiza Zezezimali Ezinomkhawulo: Izinkinga zezimali zingakhinyabeza ukusungulwa nokugcinwa kwezinhlelo zokuqapha nokubika. Ukuthola okokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kokuqapha, ukwenza amasampula ajwayelekile, nokuhlaziya amasampula kungabiza kakhulu. Ukwengeza, izinsiza zezimali ezilinganiselwe zingakhawulela ukwabiwa kwezimali emizamweni yokuqapha nokubika, okuholela ekuqoqweni nokuhlaziywa kwedatha okwanele. Lezi zici zithinta kabi ukutholakala kwedatha ye-FAIR (Eyatholakalayo, Efinyelelekayo, Esebenzisanayo, kanye Nengasebenziseka Kabusha).[4]^,[5]
• Ubuchwepheshe Nokuqeqeshwa: Kungase kube nokutholakala okulinganiselwe kososayensi abanekhono, ochwepheshe, nabacwaningi abanolwazi lokuqapha ngepulasitiki. Ukuze kuvalwe lezi zikhala zolwazi, ulwazi lobuchwepheshe nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha kuzodingeka ukuze kwakhiwe izindlela ezijwayelekile, ukutolika kwedatha okunembile, namasu okuqapha aphumelelayo.
• Ukuphathwa Kwedatha Nokwabelana: Ukuqapha nokubika okuphumelelayo kudinga amasistimu okuphatha idatha aqinile ukuze agcine, ahlaziye, futhi abelane ngolwazi. Nokho, amazwe amaningi asathuthuka angase antule ingqalasizinda kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha idatha ngendlela efanele. Ukwengeza, izinkundla zokwabelana ngedatha nezimiso eziyisisekelo ezinganele zingathiya ukusebenzisana nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokuqapha eziphelele.
• Ukuqwashisa Okukhawulelwe kanye Nemfundo: Ukuqwashisa umphakathi nokufundisa mayelana nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kanye nomthelela wako kungase kukhawulwe kwamanye amazwe asathuthuka ase-Asia. Lokhu kungaholela ekuntulekeni kokuzibandakanya kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwemiphakathi yendawo emizamweni yokuqapha.
• Izinhlaka Zokulawula: Izinhlaka zokulawula ezibuthakathaka noma ezinganele zingathiya ukuphoqelelwa kwezinqubomgomo nemithethonqubo ehlobene nokuqapha ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki. Amazwe asathuthuka angase antule imithetho ephelele kanye nezindlela zokuphoqelela, okwenza kube inselele ukuqapha nokulawula ukusetshenziswa nokulahlwa kwamapulasitiki ngempumelelo.
• Isikali kanye Nokwehlukahlukana Kokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki: Amazwe asathuthuka ase-Asia avame ukubhekana nezinselelo ezinkulu ngenxa yesilinganiso nokuhlukahluka kokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki. Izifunda ezisogwini, izinhlelo zemifula, kanye nezindawo zasemadolobheni eziminyene zingase zithinteke kakhulu. Ukuqapha iziza ezinjalo ezibanzi kanye nemithombo ehlukahlukene yokungcoliswa kwemvelo kudinga izinsiza ezinkulu namandla okusebenza.

Ukubhekana nalezi zikhala kanye nemikhawulo kudinga indlela enezici eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwamandla, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwingqalasizinda nobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubomgomo, kanye nemikhankaso yokuqwashisa umphakathi. Ukusebenzisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, nokwabelana ngolwazi, emazweni nezinhlangano zonkana nakho kungadlala indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni imizamo yokuqapha emazweni asathuthuka ase-Asia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphakathi wesayensi unamandla abalulekile okufaka isandla ngempumelelo ekunqobeni le mikhawulo engenhla. Lezi zindima zihlanganisa okulandelayo:

1. Ucwaningo nentuthuko ohlangothini olungenhla lomjikelezo wempilo yepulasitiki: amapulasitiki namakhemikhali ahlobene nepulasitiki kufanele akhonjwe futhi abikwe kulo lonke uchungechunge lwenani. Nakuba amazwe asathuthuka engewona abakhiqizi abakhulu bepulasitiki, angenisa imikhiqizo yepulasitiki nama-pellets aphinde angenise imfucuza yepulasitiki yamanye amazwe. Kulo mongo idatha yemikhiqizo yepulasitiki ngokwayo ibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe impilo yezimpahla, ukuphepha, nokusetshenziswa kabusha. Lokhu kudinga idatha eyanele[6]. Bese kubhekwa uhlangothi olungezansi komfula (isigaba sokuphela kwempilo), ucwaningo olwengeziwe lwesayensi luyadingeka ukuze kuqondwe kangcono imithombo, isiphetho, ukuchayeka, kanye nemiphumela yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki namakhemikhali ahlobene nepulasitiki endaweni. Umphakathi wesayensi ungaphenya ubukhona kanye nokugxila kwamakhemikhali ahlobene nepulasitiki emanzini, enhlabathini, emoyeni, naku-biota. Ukuthola ulwazi oluqinile mayelana nokuziphatha kanye nemithelela yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kuyodingeka ukuze ukwazi ukwazisa izinqumo zenqubomgomo futhi kuthuthukiswe amasu okuqapha asebenzayo.
2. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezindlela Nokusekela Ukuzijwayeza: Umphakathi wesayensi ungathuthukisa izindlela ezijwayelekile kanye nezinqubo zokuqapha kanye nokubika ngepulasitiki namakhemikhali ahlobene nepulasitiki. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amasu atholakalayo okuqoqa amasampula, izindlela zokuhlaziya, nezinqubo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi okufanele zamukelwe kabanzi emhlabeni jikelele. Umphakathi wesayensi kufanele futhi ucabangele ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obusha bokuqapha nokubika namathuluzi, njengezinzwa nezindlela zokuzwa ukude ukuze kuthuthukiswe amakhono okuqapha kuzilungiselelo ezikhawulelwe yinsiza.
3. Ukwakha Amakhono Nokuqeqeshwa: Umphakathi wesayensi ungadlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamakhono ngokuhlinzeka ngokuqeqeshwa nokudluliselwa kolwazi kubacwaningi basendaweni, ochwepheshe, nabakhi bezinqubomgomo. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukuhlela ama-workshops, amasemina, nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha ukuze kuthuthukiswe amakhono obuchwepheshe ahlobene nokuqapha nokubika ngepulasitiki. Ngokwakha umthamo wendawo, ososayensi banganikeza ababambiqhaza bendawo amandla okwenza imisebenzi yokuqapha ngokuzimela, bahlaziye idatha, futhi bahumushe imiphumela.
4. Ukuhlaziywa Kwedatha Nokutolika: Umphakathi wesayensi unamandla adingekayo okuhlaziya nokuhumusha idatha, okuvumela ukuqapha nokuhlaziya idatha kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemininingwane esekelwe eqinisweni. Imisebenzi enjalo izobaluleka ekuhlonzeni izitayela, izindawo ezishisayo, namaphethini okungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kanye nokuhlola ubungozi obuhlobene namakhemikhali ahlobene nepulasitiki. Umphakathi wesayensi ungasiza futhi abenzi benqubomgomo kanye neziphathimandla ezifanele ukuqonda kangcono ukubaluleka kokuqapha idatha edingekayo ukuze kuthathwe izinqumo ezinolwazi ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki.
5. Ukusekela Inqubomgomo kanye Nokumela: Umphakathi wesayensi ungaba neqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwenqubomgomo kanye nemizamo yokumela ngokunikeza ubufakazi besayensi nezincomo. Bangakwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele nabenzi bezinqubomgomo, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni ukuze baqwashise ngemithelela yemvelo nempilo yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki. Ngokumela izinqubomgomo nemithethonqubo esekwe ebufakazini, umphakathi wezesayensi ungaba neqhaza ekwakheni amasu asebenzayo okuqapha nokuphatha ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki.

Sengiphetha, umphakathi wezesayensi uneqhaza elibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamandla okuqapha kanye nokubika ngamakhemikhali epulasitiki nahlobene nepulasitiki emazweni asathuthuka ase-Asia nangale kwayo. Ubuchwepheshe babo ocwaningweni, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela, ukwakhiwa kwamandla, ukuhlaziywa kwedatha, nokusekelwa kwenqubomgomo kubalulekile ekubhekaneni nezinselele ezihambisana nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kanye nokukhuthaza izixazululo ezisimeme, okuhlanganisa okokufaka kunqubomgomo esekelwe kwisayensi. Iqhaza lomphakathi wezesayensi lizobaluleka ekwakheni isivumelwano somhlaba esiqinile sokulwa nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kanye nokwazisa ngezenzo zokuqalisa ezilandelayo. Izincomo ezingenhla kufanele zicatshangelwe ngaphambi kwanoma yisiphi isivumelwano ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amandla adingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe ngempumelelo akhona uma isivumelwano sezepolitiki sesifinyelelwe.

[1] I-UNEP Ivala I-Tap: Umhlaba ungakuqeda kanjani ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki futhi udale umnotho oyindilinga. https://www.unep.org/resources/turning-off-tap-end-plastic-pollution-create-circular-economy 

[2] Abeynayaka et al., (2022). Umbiko Wokuhlola Izidingo Zokuqeqeshwa (i-TNA): Ubheke Ukuqapha Kwe-Microplastic kanye Nezinyathelo Zenqubomgomo Ezisekelwe Ebufakazini e-Sri Lanka. https://www.iges.or.jp/en/pub/tna-sri-lanka/en

[3] U-Kieu Le et al., (2022). Umbiko Wokuhlola Izidingo Zokuqeqesha (TNA): Ubheke Ukuqapha Kwe-Microplastic kanye Nezinyathelo Zenqubomgomo Ezisekelwe Ebufakazini eVietnam. https://www.iges.or.jp/en/pub/tna-vietnam/en

[4] Jenkins, Tia, et al. "Isimo samanje sedatha yocwaningo lokungcoliswa kwe-microplastic: izitayela zokutholakala nemithombo yedatha evulekile." I-Frontiers kuSayensi Yezemvelo (2022): 824.

[5] Wilkinson, MD, Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, IJ, Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., et al. (2016). Izimiso Eziqondisayo Ezilungile Zokuphathwa Kwedatha Yesayensi Nobuphathi. Isayensi. Idatha 3, 160018. doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.18

[6] I-UNEP Ivala I-Tap: Umhlaba ungakuqeda kanjani ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki futhi udale umnotho oyindilinga. https://www.unep.org/resources/turning-off-tap-end-plastic-pollution-create-circular-economy 

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