Mayelana umbhali
UDkt. Mohamed Zahir ungusosayensi wezakhi zofuzo zama-molecule kanye nomfundisi eMnyangweni we-Biochemistry kanye ne-Molecular Biology eMuhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) eTanzania. Umsebenzi wakhe ugxile ekuthuthukiseni izakhi zofuzo zabantu kanye nemithi yezakhi zofuzo e-Afrika ngocwaningo, ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokubandakanyeka kwenqubomgomo.
Lapho ososayensi base-Afrika bekhuluma ngezithiyo zokuhamba, ingxoxo ivame ukuphendukela ekuhambeni eYurophu noma eNyakatho Melika. Ukulibaziseka kwama-visa kanye nokwenqatshwa kwawo kuvimbele abacwaningi ukuba baye emihlanganweni, bathathe izifundo zobudlelwano kanye nokuhlanganyela emihlanganweni lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo ezithinta isayensi yase-Afrika. Le nkinga iyanda ukuqashelwa, okuhlanganisa ne-International Science Council, okuyi- ukuhlola ukuthi imikhawulo yama-visa ithinta kanjani ukunyakaza kososayensi emhlabeni wonke.
Okunganakwa kangako ukuthi izithiyo ezifanayo zikhona e-Afrika uqobo.
Isibonelo, ngo-2023, ososayensi abaningana baseNigeria bekufanele babe khona engqungqutheleni yokuqala ye-Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa eNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand eGoli. Ama-visa abo awazange acutshungulwe ngesikhathi, futhi bathola ama-visa abo ngosuku ingqungquthela eyayiphelile ngalo (UNakweya, 2024).
Lolu kwakungelona uhambo olusuka e-Afrika luye eYurophu noma eNyakatho Melika.
Kwakuyiqembu labacwaningi base-Afrika ababezama ukuya emhlanganweni wesayensi wase-Afrika kwelinye izwe lase-Afrika.
Leli cala libonisa inkinga ebanzi. I-Afrika itshala imali kumanethiwekhi ocwaningo lwesifunda, izikhungo zobuhle, ukuqeqeshwa kweziqu zabafundi, i-genomics, ukulungela ubhubhane, isayensi yesimo sezulu kanye nezinye izindawo ezincike ekubambisaneni ngaphesheya kwemingcele. Kodwa abacwaningi okulindeleke ukuthi benze lezi zinhlelo zisebenze bangase babhekane nezinqubo ezinde ze-visa, izikhathi zokucubungula ezingaqinisekile, izinsizakalo ezilinganiselwe zamanxusa kanye nezindiza ezibizayo noma ezingaqondile.
Izwekazi alinawo ukuntuleka kwezinqubomgomo eziqaphela ukubaluleka kokuhlanganiswa. Ajenda 2063 kudinga i-Afrika ehlanganisiwe lapho isayensi, ubuchwepheshe kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kusekela khona intuthuko kanye nomphakathi osekelwe olwazini. Isivumelwano Se-African Union Sokuhamba Kwabantu Ngokukhululekile inikeza uhlaka lokuhamba kwabantu kulo lonke izwekazi, okuhlanganisa abafundi nabacwaningi. I-Single African Air Transport Market yasungulwa njengephrojekthi ephambili ye-Ajenda 2063 yokuthuthukisa ukuxhumana nokunciphisa izindleko zokuhamba phakathi kwamazwe ase-Afrika.
I-Afrika isivele isungule uhlaka lwenqubomgomo olunezinjongo ezinkulu lokuhlanganiswa kwesifunda. Inselele manje ukuhumusha lowo mbono ube yinto yansuku zonke yabacwaningi abahamba kulo lonke izwekazi.
The Umbiko Wokuvuleka Kwe-Visa Yase-Afrika ka-2025, ekhiqizwe ngokubambisana yiBhange Lentuthuko Lase-Afrika kanye neKhomishini Yenhlangano Yamazwe ase-Afrika, inikeza isithombe esicacile sesimo samanje. Ihlola inqubomgomo ye-visa esetshenziswa yizwe ngalinye lase-Afrika kwizakhamuzi zawo wonke amanye amazwe ase-Afrika, ihlukanisa phakathi kokufinyelela okungena-visa, ama-visa atholakala lapho ufika, kanye nemvume edingekayo ngaphambi kohambo.
Umbiko ukhombisa ukuthi ama-28.2% emizila yokuhamba yangaphakathi e-Afrika ayengenazo i-visa ngo-2025, kusukela kuma-20% lapho inkomba iqala ngo-2016. Lokhu kubonisa intuthuko ebalulekile. Inani lemizila yokuhamba ezweni nezwe engenazo i-visa lifinyelele ku-814 ngo-2025, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-803 ngo-2024.
Kodwa lokhu kuthuthuka kuxoxa ingxenye nje yendaba. Ngo-2025, ama-51.1% ohambo lwangaphakathi e-Afrika ayesadinga i-visa noma imvume efanayo ngaphambi kokuhamba, okuwukwenyuka kusuka ku-47.1% ngo-2024. Ukufinyelela i-visa lapho ufika kwehle kusuka ku-24.8% kuya ku-20.4%, okuyizinga eliphansi kakhulu selokhu kwasungulwa inkomba.
Lezi zibalo zibonisa ukuthi intuthuko ayilingani futhi ayifani. Amanye amazwe avule imingcele yawo kakhulu, kanti amanye angenise izidingo ezintsha noma ashintshe ama-visa lapho efika ukuze athuthukise ukugunyazwa ngogesi. Nakuba i-e-visa ingase ibe lula ukuyithola kune-visa yephepha evamile, isadinga ukugunyazwa ngaphambi kokuba umhambi aqale uhambo. Kumcwaningi olinde ukuya engqungqutheleni noma ohlelweni lokuqeqeshwa olufushane, umehluko ungase ungabi nduduzo uma ukugunyazwa kungafiki ngesikhathi.
Umehluko wesifunda ngaphakathi kwezwekazi lase-Afrika uyamangalisa ngokufanayo. Umbiko Wokuvulwa Kwe-Visa ka-2024 uthole ukuthi ama-99% ezinqubomgomo ze-visa azinawo ama-visa ngokuzenzakalela ngaphakathi kwe-Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Inani elilinganayo lalingu-17% ngaphakathi kwe-Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa kanye no-14% ngaphakathi kwe-Intergovernmental Authority on Development. Kuyo yonke i-Afrika, ukufinyelela ngaphandle kwama-visa ngokuzenzakalela kwakungama-20.3% kuphela.
I-ECOWAS ikhombisa ukuthi ukuhambahamba kwesifunda okubanzi kungenzeka uma izibopho zezepolitiki zihunyushwa zibe yinto esebenzayo. Okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukile kakhulu kweminye imiphakathi yesifunda nakho kubonisa ukuthi kungani kudukisa ukukhuluma ngokuhambahamba kwe-Afrika sengathi izimo ziyafana yonke indawo.
Ngisho noma imvume yokungena inikezwa, ukufinyelela kwelinye izwe lase-Afrika kungase kuhlale kunzima. Ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwamadolobha ase-Afrika kulinganiselwe, imali yokugibela ivame ukuba phezulu, futhi olunye uhambo ludinga ukuxhumana phakathi kweYurophu noma iMpumalanga Ephakathi.
I-International Air Transport Association ichaze ukuxhumana kwangaphakathi kwe-Afrika njengenselele ethile, ngezinsizakalo eziqondile ezilinganiselwe kanye nemali yokugibela ephezulu ethinta ukuhamba kulo lonke izwekazi. Ucwaningo lwayo lokukhululeka kwemakethe yezindiza luthole ukuthi izimakethe eziningi zezindiza zangaphakathi e-Afrika zisalokhu zivinjelwe yizivumelwano zamazwe amabili, naphezu kokwamukelwa kwe Isinqumo sikaYamoussoukro ngo-1999 - isivumelwano samazwe amaningi esamukelwa ongqongqoshe base-Afrika sokususa imithetho yezokuthutha emoyeni kanye nokuvula izimakethe zezindiza zesifunda ukuze zincintisane namazwe ngamazwe. Umbiko uphethe ngokuthi ukuvula lezi zimakethe kungandisa imvamisa yemizila, kunciphise amanani okugibela futhi kusekele umsebenzi wezomnotho obanzi.
Sekuvele kunezibonelo zalokho okungafezwa ukuxhumana okuthuthukisiwe. Ukukhululeka phakathi kweNingizimu Afrika neKenya kuhlotshaniswa nokwenyuka kwabagibeli ngo-69%. Ukwethulwa kwensizakalo engabizi kakhulu phakathi kweGoli neLusaka kwalandelwa ukwehliswa kwamanani esaphulelo ngo-38% kanye nokwenyuka kwabagibeli ngo-38%.
Lokhu okutholakele kungokomnotho, kodwa imiphumela yesayensi iqondile. Inethiwekhi yocwaningo ayikwazi ukusebenza kahle uma imihlangano evamile idla isabelo esingalingani sesabelomali sayo. Uhlelo lokuqeqesha lwesifunda lulahlekelwa yinani lapho abahlanganyeli kufanele bathathe izindiza eziningi ukuze bafike kulo. Usosayensi osemusha angase anikezwe ithuba elibalulekile kodwa aqhubeke engakwazi ukulisebenzisa ngoba intengo yendiza idlula lokho okungakumbozwa yisibonelelo.
Imihlangano eyenzeka nge-inthanethi ithuthukise ukuxhumana futhi kufanele ihlale iyingxenye yokubambisana kwesayensi. Nokho, ayithathi indawo yokubekwa kwelabhorethri, umsebenzi wasensimini, ukuqeqeshwa kwezokwelapha, ukufakwa kwemishini, ukuvakasha kokucubungula amasampula noma ukuxhumana okungakahleleki okwakhiwa ngakho ukwethembana kanye nokubambisana kwesikhathi eside.
Isidingo sokubhekana nokuhamba sifika ngesikhathi lapho isayensi yase-Afrika iba nokubambisana okukhulu. Ukuqapha izifo ezithelelanayo, ukumelana namagciwane, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuvikeleka kokudla, i-One Health kanye nemithi yofuzo akunakuxazululwa ngempumelelo ngaphakathi kwemingcele kazwelonke kuphela.
H3Africa (Human Heritage and Health in Africa) inikeza isibonelo esiwusizo. Lolu hlelo lusekele izifundo eziholwa yi-Afrika ku-genomics yabantu ngenkathi lwakha amandla emalabhorethri, i-bioinformatics, ukuziphatha kanye ne-biobanking emazweni amaningi. Inani lalo alizange livele kumaphrojekthi ngamanye kuphela kodwa nasekuxhumaniseni ubuchwepheshe kanye nengqalasizinda esatshalaliswe kulo lonke izwekazi.
Le modeli ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba amandla esayensi ahlala esatshalaliswa ngokungalingani. Ngokusho kwe- Umbiko weSayensi we-UNESCO wango-2021, i-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara yayibalelwa cishe ku-14% wabantu bomhlaba kodwa kuphela u-0.7% wabacwaningi bayo. Umbiko ofanayo uphawula ukuthi ukubambisana kwesayensi kwamazwe ngamazwe kuyakhula, ikakhulukazi mayelana nezinkinga ezifana nezifo ezithelelanayo, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokulahlekelwa yizinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, okungahloniphi imingcele.
Lapho ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile kanye nengqalasizinda yocwaningo kusatshalaliswa ngokungalingani kulo lonke izwekazi, ukubambisana kuvumela amazwe ukuthi abelane ngamakhono futhi asebenzise kangcono ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhona. Yindlela amazwe abelana ngayo ngamakhono akhethekile, asebenzise kangcono ingqalasizinda ebizayo futhi adale amathuba okungekho sikhungo esisodwa esingawanikeza sodwa.
Ingqalasizinda yocwaningo ivame ukuqondwa ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo: amalabhorethri, amapulatifomu okulandelana, izikhungo zokubala, imishini kanye nezinhlelo zedatha. Lokhu kubalulekile, kodwa azisebenzi ngokuzimela ngaphandle kwabantu abaqeqeshwe ukuzisebenzisa.
Ukuhamba kwesayensi kufanele kubhekwe njengengxenye yaleyo ngqalasizinda.
Ilabhorethri ingaba nemishini ethuthukisiwe, kodwa inani layo liyancishiswa uma ochwepheshe bengakwazi ukuhamba bayoqeqesha abanye noma baxazulule inkinga yokusetshenziswa kwayo. Inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ingathola uxhaso olukhulu, kodwa intuthuko yayo izohamba kancane uma abaphenyi bengakwazi ukuhlangana, abafundi abakwazi ukufinyelela ukuqeqeshwa kwesifunda kanye namaqembu ephrojekthi awakwazi ukuhamba phakathi kwezindawo. Ukuhamba kunquma ukuthi ulwazi, amakhono kanye nobuchwepheshe kujikeleza kanjani ngempumelelo.
UMkhandlu Wezesayensi Wamazwe Ngamazwe usuvele uqaphela inkululeko yokuhamba njengenye yezisekelo zokubamba iqhaza kwezesayensi. isikhundla mayelana nokuhamba kwesayensi Iphawula ukuthi izinqubo ze-visa zingaba nzima, zibize kakhulu futhi zingalindeleki, kube nemiphumela eqondile emihlanganweni, ekufundiseni nasekubambisaneni ngocwaningo. Iphinde icele izinhlangano zesayensi ukuthi zicabangele ukufinyeleleka kwe-visa lapho zinquma ukuthi imihlangano izobanjwa kuphi.
Lesi simiso kufanele sisetshenziswe ngamabomu manje e-Afrika.
I-Afrika isivele yakhe isisekelo senqubomgomo esiqinile sokuhamba ngokukhululeka. Okubaluleke kakhulu manje ukuhumusha lezi zibopho zibe yizinyathelo ezisebenzayo ezisekela ukubambisana kwesayensi.
Ohulumeni bangase bethule izinqubo ezisheshayo zokuhamba kwesayensi okuqinisekisiwe, baqinisekise ukuthi izinhlelo zokugunyazwa ngogesi ziyabikezelwa futhi zisobala, futhi baqhubeke nokusebenzisa izibopho zokuhamba zesifunda ezikhona. Imiphakathi yesifunda ingahlola ukuthi kungani izibopho zokuhamba ngokukhululeka zisebenza kahle kwezinye izifunda kodwa zihlala zibuthakathaka kwezinye. Abahleli bemihlangano kufanele bahlole ukufinyeleleka kwe-visa ngaphambi kokukhetha izindawo futhi baxhumane neziphathimandla zokufuduka kusenesikhathi. Abaxhasi kufanele bahlele isabelomali sokuhamba kwesifunda ngendlela efanele futhi bavumele ukuguquguquka lapho ukuphazamiseka kwe-visa noma indiza kuthinta ukulethwa kwephrojekthi.
Izikhungo zesayensi kufanele futhi zibhale phansi izindleko zokuhamba okulinganiselwe. Izingqungquthela ezingabanjwanga, ukushintshana okungashiyiwe kanye namaphrojekthi abambezelekile kuvame ukubhekwa njengezinkinga zokuhamba komuntu ngamunye futhi kuyanyamalala emarekhodi ezikhungo. Ngaphandle kobufakazi obungcono, umthelela ekukhiqizeni ucwaningo, ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokubambisana kusalokhu kulula ukungawunaki.
I-Afrika yenze intuthuko emangalisayo ekuqiniseni izikhungo zayo zesayensi, ukutshala imali engqalasizinda yocwaningo kanye nokwakha amanethiwekhi ocwaningo lwezwekazi. Iphinde yaveza umbono obalulekile wokuhlanganiswa kwesifunda ngezinhlelo ezifana ne-Agenda 2063, i-Free Movement Protocol kanye ne-Single African Air Transport Market. Inselele elandelayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abacwaningi bangahamba kalula ukuze balandele ukubambisana okulindeleke ukuthi bakwakhe.
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Disclaimer
Ulwazi, imibono kanye nezincomo ezivezwe kumabhulogi ethu ezivakashi yizo ezabantu abafaka isandla ngabanye futhi azibonisi ngempela izindinganiso nezinkolelo ze-International Science Council.
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